AR SURGERY ARDIO REVIST A BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA C ARDIO VASCUL AR/ BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF C ASCULAR ARDIOV CARDIO REVISTA CARDIO ARDIOV ASCULAR/ VASCUL
27.1 JANUARY/MARCH 2012
V OL. 27 Nยบ1 JANU ARY/MARCH 2012 VOL. JANUARY/MARCH
RBCCV tem Fator de Impacto 0,963 A Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular/Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (RBCCV/BJCVS) obteve a excelente marca de 0,963 no seu primeiro Fator de Impacto (FI) divulgado pelo ISI-Thomson Reuters, relativo ao biênio 2009-2010. Além disso, temos o maior Immediacy Index: 0,772. Somos a 13º Revista do Brasil e a única do gênero do hemisfério sul indexada.
Visite nossos sites: www.rbccv.org.br www.scielo.br/rbccv
BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY
RBCCV
EDITOR/EDITOR Prof. Dr. Domingo M. Braile - PhD
REVIST A BRASILEIRA DE REVISTA
São José do Rio Preto - SP - Brasil domingo@braile.com.br EDITORES ANTERIORES/FORMER EDITORS • Prof. Dr. Adib D. Jatene PhD - São Paulo (BRA) [1986-1996] • Prof. Dr. Fábio B. Jatene PhD - São Paulo (BRA) [1996-2002]
BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF
ASSESSORA EDITORIAL/EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Rosangela Monteiro PhD - São Paulo (BRA) rosangela.monteiro@incor.usp.br
EDITOR EXECUTIVO EXECUTIVE EDITOR Ricardo Brandau Pós-graduado em Jornalismo Científico - S. José do Rio Preto (BRA) brandau@sbccv.org.br
EDITORES ASSOCIADOS/ASSOCIATE EDITORS • • • • • • •
Antônio Sérgio Martins Gilberto Venossi Barbosa José Dario Frota Filho José Teles de Mendonça Luciano Cabral Albuquerque Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira
Botucatu (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) Aracaju (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA)
• • • • • • •
Manuel Antunes Mario Osvaldo P. Vrandecic Michel Pompeu B. Oliveira Sá Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman Ricardo C. Lima Ulisses A. Croti Walter José Gomes
Coimbra (POR) Belo Horizonte (BRA) Recife (BRA) Curitiba (BRA) Recife (BRA) S.J. Rio Preto (BRA) São Paulo (BRA)
EDITOR DE ESTATÍSTICA/STATISTICS EDITOR • Orlando Petrucci Jr.
Campinas (BRA)
CONSELHO EDITORIAL/EDITORIAL BOARD • Adib D. Jatene • Adolfo Leirner • Adolfo Saadia • Alan Menkis • Alexandre V. Brick • Antônio Carlos G. Penna Jr. • Bayard Gontijo Filho • Borut Gersak • Carlos Roberto Moraes • Christian Schreiber • Cláudio Azevedo Salles • Djair Brindeiro Filho • Eduardo Keller Saadi • Eduardo Sérgio Bastos • Enio Buffolo • Fábio B. Jatene • Fernando Antônio Lucchese • Gianni D. Angelini • Gilles D. Dreyfus • Ivo A. Nesralla • Jarbas J. Dinkhuysen • José Antônio F. Ramires • José Ernesto Succi • José Pedro da Silva • Joseph A. Dearani
São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Buenos Aires (ARG) Winnipeg (CAN) Brasília (BRA) Marília (BRA) Belo Horizonte (BRA) Ljubljana (SLO) Recife (BRA) Munique (GER) Belo Horizonte (BRA) Recife (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) Rio de Janeiro (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) Bristol (UK) Harefield (UK) Porto Alegre (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Rochester (USA)
VERSÃO PARA O INGLÊS/ENGLISH VERSION • Alexandre Werneck • Fernando Pires Buosi • Marcelo Almeida • Pablo Sebastian Maluf
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Joseph S. Coselli Luiz Carlos Bento de Souza Luiz Fernando Kubrusly Mauro Paes Leme de Sá Miguel Barbero Marcial Milton Ary Meier Nilzo A. Mendes Ribeiro Noedir A. G. Stolf Olivio Souza Neto Otoni Moreira Gomes Pablo M. A. Pomerantzeff Paulo Manuel Pêgo Fernandes Paulo P. Paulista Paulo Roberto B. Évora Pirooz Eghtesady Protásio Lemos da Luz Reinaldo Wilson Vieira Renato Abdala Karam Kalil Renato Samy Assad Roberto Costa Rodolfo Neirotti Rui M. S. Almeida Sérgio Almeida de Oliveira Tomas A. Salerno
Houston (USA) São Paulo (BRA) Curitiba (BRA) Rio de Janeiro (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Rio de Janeiro (BRA) Salvador (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Rio de Janeiro (BRA) Belo Horizonte (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Ribeirão Preto (BRA) Cincinatti (USA) São Paulo (BRA) Campinas (BRA) Porto Alegre (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Cambridge (USA) Cascavel (BRA) São Paulo (BRA) Miami (USA)
ÓRGÃO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR DESDE 1986 OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY SINCE 1986
ENDEREÇO/ADDRESS
Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular Rua Beira Rio, 45 • 7º andar - Cj. 72 • Vila Olímpia • Fone: 11 3849-0341. Fax: 11 5096-0079. Cep: 04548-050 • São Paulo, SP, Brasil E-mail RBCCV: revista@sbccv.org.br • E-mail SBCCV: sbccv@sbccv.org.br • Site SBCCV: www.sbccv.org.br • Sites RBCCV: www.scielo.br/rbccv / www.rbccv.org.br (também para submissão de artigos)
Publicação trimestral/Quarterly publication Tiragem: 1200 exemplares (*)
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR (Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular) São Paulo, SP - Brasil. v. 119861986, 1: 1,2 1987, 2: 1,2,3 1988, 3: 1,2,3 1989, 4: 1,2,3 1990, 5: 1,2,3 1991, 6: 1,2,3 1992, 7: 1,2,3,4 1993, 8: 1,2,3,4 1994, 9: 1,2,3,4
1995, 10: 1,2,3,4 1996, 11: 1,2,3,4 1997, 12: 1,2,3,4 1998, 13: 1,2,3,4 1999, 14: 1,2,3,4 2000, 15: 1,2,3,4 2001, 16: 1,2,3,4 2002, 17: 1,2,3,4 2003, 18: 1,2,3,4
2004, 19: 1,2,3,4 2005, 20: 1,2,3,4 2006, 21: 1 [supl] 2006, 21: 1,2,3,4 2007, 22: 1 [supl] 2007, 22: 1,2,3,4 2008, 23: 1 [supl] 2008, 23: 1,2,3,4 2009, 24: 1 [supl]
2009, 24: 1,2,3,4 2009, 24: 2 [supl] 2010, 25: 1,2,3,4 2010, 25: 1 [supl] 2011, 26: 1,2,3,4 2011, 26: 1 [supl] 2012, 27: 1 2012, 27: 1 [supl]
ISSN 1678-9741 - Publicação online ISSN 0102-7638 - Publicação impressa RBCCV 44205
CDD 617.4105 NLM18 WG 168
(*) ASSOCIAÇÃO PAULISTA DE BIBLIOTECÁRIOS. Grupo de Bibliotecários Biomédicos. Normas para catalogação de publicações seriadas nas bibliotecas especializadas. São Paulo, Ed. Polígono, 1972
INDEXADA EM • Thomson Scientific (ISI) http://science.thomsonreuters.com • PubMed/Medline www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
• ADSAUDE - Sistema Especializado de Informação em Administração de Saúde www.bibcir.fsp.usp.br/html/p/ pesquisa_em_bases_de_dados/ programa_rede_adsaude
• SciELO - Scientific Library Online www.scielo.br
• Index Copernicus www.indexcopernicus.com
• Scopus www.info.scopus.com
• Google scholar http://scholar.google.com.br/scholar
• LILACS - Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. www.bireme.org • LATINDEX -Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Cientificas de America Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal www.latindex.uam.mx
Distribuída gratuitamente a todos os sócios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY DEPARTAMENTO DE CIRURGIA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CARDIOLOGIA DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY OF THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOLOGY
“Valorizando o profissional em prol do paciente” DIRETORIA 2011 - 2013 Presidente: Vice-Presidente: Secretário Geral: Tesoureiro: Diretor Científico:
Walter José Gomes (SP) João Alberto Roso (RS) Marcelo Matos Cascudo (RN) Eduardo Augusto Victor Rocha (MG) Fábio Biscegli Jatene (SP)
Conselho Deliberativo:
Bruno Botelho Pinheiro (GO) Henrique Barsanulfo Furtado (TO) José Glauco Lobo Filho (CE) Rui M.S. Almeida (PR) Henrique Murad (RJ)
Editor da Revista: Editor do Site: Editores do Jornal:
Domingo Marcolino Braile (SP) Vinicius José da Silva Nina (MA) Walter José Gomes (SP) Fabricio Gaburro Teixeira (ES) Josalmir José Melo do Amaral (RN) Luciana da Fonseca (SP)
Presidentes das Regionais Afiliadas Norte-nordeste: Rio de Janeiro: São Paulo: Minas Gerais: Centro-Oeste: Rio Grande do Sul: Paraná: Santa Catarina:
Mauro Barbosa Arruda Filho (PE) Ronald Souza Peixoto Marcos Augusto de Moraes Silva AntonioAugusto Miana Luiz Antonio Brasil (GO) Marcela da Cunha Sales Rodrigo Milani Lourival Bonatelli Filho
Departamentos DCCVPED: DECAM: DECA: DECEN: DEPEX: Departamento de Cardiologia Clínica:
Marcelo B. Jatene (SP) Alfredo Inácio Fiorelli (SP) Wilson Lopes Pereira (SP) Rui M. S. Almeida (PR) Melchior Luiz Lima (ES) Miguel Angel Maluf (SP)
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR
ISSN 1678-9741 - online ISSN 0102-7638 - print RBCCV 44205
Impact Factor: 0,963
BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, (São José do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil) jan/mar- 2012;27(1):1-186
CONTENTS/SUMÁRIO
EDITORIALS/EDITORIAIS Professor Zerbini: 100 years Domingo M. Braile ....................................................................................................................................................................... I Preoperative fasting: reviewing concepts and behaviors Mauricio de Nassau Machado .................................................................................................................................................... IV
ORIGINAL ARTICLES/ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS 1344
GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital GuaragnaSCORE prediz satisfatoriamente os desfechos em cirurgia cardíaca valvar em hospital brasileiro Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá, Marcus Villander Barros de Oliveira Sá, Ana Carla Lopes de Albuquerque, Belisa Barreto Gomes da Silva, José Williams Muniz de Siqueira, Phabllo Rodrigo Santos de Brito, Frederico Pires Vasconcelos, Ricardo de Carvalho Lima ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1345
Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery Resultados clínicos e metabólicos da abreviação do jejum com carboidratos na revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio Gibran Roder Feguri, Paulo Ruiz Lúcio Lima, Andréa Mazoni Lopes, Andréa Roledo, Miriam Marchese, Mônica Trevisan, Haitham Ahmad, Bruno Baranhuk de Freitas, José Eduardo de Aguilar-Nascimento .................................................................. 7
1346
Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. A randomized study. Corticosteroides intravenosos no perioperatório reduzem a incidência de fibrilação atrial após cirurgia cardíaca. Estudo randomizado Monir Abbaszadeh, Zahid Hussain Khan, Fariborze Mehrani, Hammid Jahanmehr ................................................................. 18
1347
Video-assisted cardiac surgery: 6 years of experience Cirurgia cardíaca videoassistida: 6 anos de experiência Jeronimo Antonio Fortunato Júnior, Marcelo Luiz Pereira, André Luiz M. Martins, Daniele de Souza C Pereira, Maria Evangelista Paz, Luciana Paludo, Alcides Branco Filho, Branka Milosewich ................................................................................................ 24
1348
Analysis of immediate results of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Análise dos resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com e sem circulação extracorpórea Marcos Antonio Cantero, Rui M. S. Almeida, Roberto Galhardo .............................................................................................. 38
1349
Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery A idade influencia os desfechos em pacientes com idade ≥ 70 anos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada Antônio Sérgio Cordeiro da Rocha, Felipe José Monassa Pittella, Andrea Rocha De Lorenzo, Valmir Barzan, Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi, José Oscar Reis Brito, Marco Antonio de Mattos, Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva ........................................... 45
1350
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality Características clínico-demográficas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e sua relação com a mortalidade Eduardo Lafaiette de Oliveira, Glauco Adrieno Westphal, Marco Fabio Mastroeni .................................................................. 52
1351
Oxidative stress and inflammatory response increase during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting Estresse oxidativo e resposta inflamatória aumentam durante cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea Flora Eli Melek, Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini, João Carlos Domingus Repka, Celso Soares Nascimento, Dalton Bertolim Précoma ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
1352
Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of predictors of in-hospital mortality. Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica na fase aguda do infarto: análise dos fatores preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar Omar Asdrúbal Vilca Mejía, Luiz A Ferreira Lisboa, Marcos Gradim Tiveron, José Augusto Duncan Santiago, Rafael Angelo Tineli, Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan, Fabio Biscegli Jatene, Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf .................................................................. 66
1353
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea no pós-operatório de cirurgia torácica: revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos randomizados Graciele Sbruzzi, Scheila Azeredo Silveira, Diego Vidaletti Silva, Christian Correa Coronel, Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz ........... 75
1354
Effect of SDS-based decelullarization in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium. Study in rats Efeito da descelularização com SDS na prevenção da calcificação em pericárdio bovino fixado em glutaraldeído. Estudo em ratos Claudinei Collatusso, João Gabriel Roderjan, Eduardo Discher Vieira, Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa, Lucia de Noronha, Daniele de Fátima Fornazari ....................................................................................................................................................... 88
1355
Surgical repair of coarctation of aorta in adults under left heart bypass Correção cirúrgica da coarctação da aorta em adultos sob assistência circulatória extracorpórea esquerda Eduardo Carvalho Ferreira, Vinícius José da Silva Nina, Marco Aurélio Sales Assef, Nathalia Almeida Cardoso da Silva, Shirlyne Fabianni Dias Gaspar, Fernando Alberto Costa Cardoso da Silva, Rozélia Sousa Nascimento ................................................. 97
1356
Subxyphoid pleural drain confers lesser impairment in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and lower chest pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial Dreno pleural subxifoide confere menor comprometimento da força muscular respiratória, oxigenação e menor dor torácica após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea: estudo controlado randomizado Andreia SA Cancio, Solange Guizilini, Douglas W. Bolzan, Renato B. Dauar, José E. Succi, Angelo A. V. de Paola, Amato, Antonio C. de Camargo Carvalho, Walter J. Gomes ............................................................................................................................... 103
1357
Comparative experimental study of myocardial protection with crystalloid solutions for heart transplantation Estudo comparativo experimental da proteção miocárdica com soluções cristalóides para transplante cardíaco Melchior Luiz Lima, Alfredo Inácio Fiorelli, Dalton Valentim Vassallo, Bruno Botelho Pinheiro, Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf, Otoni Moreira Gomes .............................................................................................................................................................. 110
1358
Predicting risk of atrial fibrillation after heart valve surgery: evaluation of a Brazilian risk score Predizendo risco de fibrilação atrial após cirurgia cardíaca valvar: avaliação de escore de risco brasileiro Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá, Marcus Villander Barros de Oliveira Sá, Ana Carla Lopes de Albuquerque, Belisa Barreto Gomes da Silva, José Williams Muniz de Siqueira, Phabllo Rodrigo Santos de Brito, Paulo Ernando Ferraz, Ricardo de Carvalho Lima .......................................................................................................................................................................... 117
PREVIOUS NOTE/NOTA PRÉVIA 1359
Stents in triple layer in endovascular treatment of expanding abdominal aortic aneurysm Stents em tripla camada no tratamento enodovascular do aneurisma de aorta abdominal em expansão Guilherme B. B. Pitta, Cezar Ronaldo Alves da Silva, Josué Dantas de Medeiros, Adriano Dionisio Santos ......................... 123
RETROSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA/HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1360
History of heart surgery in the world História da cirurgia cardíaca no mundo Domingo Marcolino Braile, Moacir Fernandes de Godoy ....................................................................................................... 125
SPECIAL 100 YEARS PROFESSOR ZERBINI 1361
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini: a biography Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini – Uma Biografia Noedir A. G. Stolf, Domingo M. Braile .................................................................................................................................... 137
1362
A Tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD Ricardo Lima, Fernando A. Lucchese, Domingo M. Braile, Tomas A. Salerno ........................................................................ 148
1363
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini - 100 years Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini - 100 anos Ricardo C. Lima, José Wanderley Neto .................................................................................................................................... 152
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS/COMUNICAÇÕES BREVES 1364
Rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction Ruptura da parede livre do ventrículo direito após infarto do miocárdio Rômulo César Arnal Bonini, Vladimir Quiroga Verazain, Ricardo M Mustafa, Yuri Neumman, Margaret Assad, Henrique E Issa, Ureliano Cintra, Jair J Golghetto .............................................................................................................................................. 155
1365
Acute aortic insufficiency due to avulsion of aortic valve comissure Insuficiência aórtica aguda por avulsão de comissura valvar aórtica Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha, Paulo César Santos, Fernando Antibas Atik, Daniel Oliveira de Conti .......................................... 160
CASE REPORT/RELATO DE CASO 1366
Simultaneous myocardial and supra-aortic trunks revascularization Revascularização simultânea do miocárdio e dos troncos supra-aórticos Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha, Paulo César Santos, Fernando Antibas Atik, Daniel Oliveira de Conti .......................................... 163
SPECIAL COMMUNICATION/COMUNICAÇÃO ESPECIAL 1367
Children’s HeartLink honors Brazil in the United States of America Children’s HeartLink homenageia Brasil nos Estados Unidos da América Ulisses Alexandre Croti, Lilian Beani, Domingo Marcolino Braile, Joseph A Dearani ............................................................. 167
LETTERS/CARTAS 1368
Letter to the Editor Cartas ao Editor ....................................................................................................................................................................... 171
HOMAGE/HOMENAGEM 1369
Luis Roberto Gerola (5/18/1960 – 12/11/2011) Luis Roberto Gerola (18/5/1960 – 11/12/2011) Luiz Eduardo Villaça Leão ........................................................................................................................................................ 175
Normas para publicação na Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular ............................................................................... 178 Calendário de Eventos/Meeting Calendar ................................................................................................................................. 182
Impresso no Brasil Printed in Brazil
Projeto Gráfico: Heber Janes Ferreira Impressão e acabamento: Sollo Comunicação & Design
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
Editorial
Professor Zerbini: 100 years Domingo M. BRAILE* DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120001
n May 7, 2012, will be the 100th anniversary of the birth of Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini. The centenary of the master of the Brazilian cardiac surgeons will be celebrated with full honors by the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (BSCVS) and of course the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (BJCVS) could not fail to participate in this festive moment not only for cardiovascular surgery, but for Medicine and Science in Brazil, so well represented by the unique figure of Professor Zerbini. The covers of the 2012 editions will bring a stamp commemorating the anniversary. In this edition, we bring a Special Section with three articles that describe some of the brilliant career of Professor Zerbini, told by people who had the pleasure to live and learn from him. Moreover, we republished, at the opening of this Special Section, a text published in the Archives of Cardiology in 1996, which tells the story of heart surgery and gives an idea of the panorama of our specialty at the time Dr. Zerbini performed his hard and pioneering work. All writings demonstrate how was the day-to-day difficulties, challenges and victories of Zerbini and other pioneers, in a time when cardiac surgery was still crawling in Brazil. If it were not so that, he would not have performed the feat of making the first heart transplant in our country a few months after Dr. Christiaan Barnard have performed the pioneering procedure in South Africa. Professor Zerbini never forgot that teamwork is the key to success, always giving freedom to the members of his staff could grow professionally and encouraging them to create their own heart surgery services, which today are present in the capital and spread to all major cities in the interior of Brazil. We are all, by birth or adoption, disciples of Professor Zerbini and we feel honored to follow up its pioneering. This edition also brings several articles covering different areas of cardiovascular surgery, which add new data and knowledge, always useful for the development of our area. I highlight the profile of Dr. Luis Roberto Gerola, who left us so early, at age 51, on December 11, 2011 (p. 175). Written masterfully by Professor Luiz Eduardo Vilaça Leão, it certainly will thrill all those who had the pleasure of living with this talented cardiovascular surgeon. In addition to worrying about the content, BJCVS not leave out the visual aspect, trying to make reading more
O
enjoyable and easy. The Portal of BJCVS (the homepage of the www.rbccv.org.br website) has been completely renovated, with modern and clean look, bringing new tools, which were being tested for a long period to ensure its safety and usefulness. By accessing the Portal, colleagues will find thumbnails of the journal’s cover, in Portuguese and English, to be read in tablets, iPhones and the like, using EPUB technology, or in conventional computers, using the FLIP technology. Both allow you to flip through the journals as if they were printed, with the advantages of state of the art in this challenging field. Pagination is equal to the print journal, with the full articles, perfect tables, color figures, and even the pages of advertisers – that we expect to increase in number - thanks to this new field of dissemination. But we are not alone in this. With the FLIP and EPUB formats it is possible to print the journal’ s articles in full, export them easily via the Internet, do word, techniques and authors searches and many other facilities that you will feel that the world has changed and the journals have to adjust to this new world of knowledge digitization. This is the biggest revolution since the invention of movable type by Johannes Gutenberg Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg or João Gutenberg, allowing to print in large volumes from 1439. Some details are interesting: with the new formats, the online edition will consist of two entirely separate issues, one in Portuguese and another in English, easing reading of Portuguese-speading and who do not understand our language. In addition, items are replaced with a framework of abbreviations used, following the model of the best international scientific journals. Readers from 74 countries have accessed the site, demonstrating the broad scope of BJCVS. Last year, there were 793,234 accesses, a daily average of more than 2173 (Figure 1), joining the 402,309 hits on the site of SciELO (www.scielo.br/rbccv) are 3540 visitors daily! Also in 2011, there were 380.97 gigabytes (GB) transferred, a mean of 1.04 GB daily (Figure 2). The number of page prints in 2011 (request from a visitor’s browser to a web page that can be displayed) was 21,902,562, a daily average of 60007.02 (Figure 3). I believe that we must always improve the journal, not only to meet the requirements of the index databases in order to increase the Impact Factor (IF), but also as a I
Fig.1 - Number of hits to the BJCVS website in 2011
Fig. 2 – Bytes transfer rate of BJCVS website during 2011
Fig. 3 - Number of page impressions of BJCVS in 2011
commitment that our product should improve every day, even when faced with scenarios that are distant from ideal. As everyone will recall, from the management of Full Professor Fabio Jatene as Editor-in-Chief (1996-2002), BJCVS received editorial assistance from CNPq. The budget, though it was short of the needs of the journal, helped pay II
the costs, complemented by BSCVS, which always met our demands. Unfortunately, last year, our petition was denied by the financing agency as well as other scientific journals of expression, including the “Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (“Brazilian Archives of Cardiology”) and
“Clinics”. It’s not for me entering into the merit of the criteria that a development agency for the distribution of funds, but the feeling of frustration remains due to the interruption of a long partnership, precisely in the year BJCVS earned its first IF (0.963). We have made efforts, together with the Board of BSCVS, so that our case be re-evaluated and we hope that in 2012, the National Research Council could review the position and return to include us among the winners of editorial assistance. This situation, while bad, does not discourage the Editorial Board of BJCVS, by contrast, serves as an encouragement for us to work harder! We are also finalizing the agreement to be part of another database: EBSCO Publishing, allowing BJCVS is available to more readers worldwide. In this edition, there are four items available for testing by the system of Continuing Medical Education (CME), “Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. A randomized study” on page 18, “Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery
bypass graft surgery and its relation with mortality” on page 52, “Revascularization surgery in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of in-hospital mortality predictors” on page 66, and “Effect of decellularization using SDS in the prevention of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium calcification: study in rats” on page 88. In the next edition we will discuss the 39th Congress of the BSCVS held in Maceió, AL, which as usual has the BJCVS Supplement with all abstracts of Free Themes and Posters, not only of heart surgery, but also of the Academic, Nursing and Physiotherapy League, which now belong to the annals of Congress published in a journal indexed. My warmest regards,
Editor-in-Chief BJCVS
III
Editorial
Preoperative fasting: reviewing concepts and behaviors MaurĂcio de Nassau Machado1
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120002
The CABG procedure is a widely used and accepted for the treatment of coronary artery disease and, despite decades of evolution and refinement, it remains in continuous technical development, helping the patient recover faster and reduce comorbidities and mortality. The use of practices and evidence based on consistent treatments and putting into practice clinical protocols to implement guidelines have been shown to be allied to clinical practice and beneficial to patients as a whole. Despite the advances achieved by modern Medicine, there is a lot to be done to test new hypotheses or question old knowledge, which so often were considered definitive. This need for periodic reevaluation of conduct and protocols, combined with restlessness and questioning spirit of the medical researcher, are responsible for considerable advances in Medicine, not regarding their impact or scope. The preoperative nutritional assessment and followup have increased postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing surgical procedures. Prevention of gastric aspiration and demonstration of safety in the administration of liquids enriched with carbohydrates and / or protein have changed handling preoperative patient. Moreover, the increasing presence of studies demonstrating remarkable comfort and benefit to the patient in the search for direct evidence to support the strategy effectiveness [1,2]. During the last decades, a series of studies were published addressing the preoperative fasting, with promising results and publications of guidelines such as the European Society of Anesthesiology [3]. Rather than reducing the
1. Cardiologist Assistant at the Coronary Care Unit from Hospital de Base, Sao Jose do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP and PhD in Health Sciences from the post-graduation program at FAMERP, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.
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recommended fasting time, these policies began to encourage the intake of fluids (water, juices without pulp or even tea and coffee) until two hours before the scheduled procedure, with some restrictions for cesarean section [3 -5]. Some members of the guidelines consider the possibility of adding milk to tea or coffee, not exceeding 20% of the total volume, but the evidence about the safety of this practice still need more conclusive studies [6,7]. Drinks made predominantly from milk should be considered as solid [3]. SEE ALSO ORIGINALARTICLE ON PAGES 7-17 The intake of liquid without residue, whether or not enriched with carbohydrates, as well as gastric emptying were tested in various studies [2,8,9]. The use of carbohydrates allowed an early insulin response, similar to that occurring after ingestion of a meal [3] and delivery of liquid with added maltodextrin (not necessarily all carbohydrates), even for diabetic patients, seemed to be in good conditions until 2 hours before surgery, improving the welfare of the patient and reducing the sensation of hunger and thirst, in addition to postoperative insulin resistance [10]. Dietary interventions represent a promising and attractive area for the perioperative period. The permission to intake clear fluids, enriched or not with carbohydrates, has focused on safety, metabolic effects, welfare and perioperative postoperative hospital stay [3]. The increased research in the field of cardiac surgery such as the article written by Feguri et al. [11], “Results of clinical and metabolic effects of fasting with carbohydrate in coronary artery bypass grafting,� and the deepening of the concepts briefly described have great therapeutic potential due to the low cost and easy implementation in daily practice.
REFERENCES 1. Hausel J, Nygren J, Lagerkranser M, Hellström PM, Hammarqvist F, Almström C, et al. A carbohydrate-rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 2001;93(5):1344-50. 2. Järvelä K, Maaranen P, Sisto T. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(6):793-7. 3. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, Smith A, O'Sullivan G, Soreide E, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(8):556-69. 4. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Shaffer EA. Preoperative oral fluids: is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? Anesth Analg. 1986;65(11):1112-6. 5. Soreide E, Eriksson LI, Hirlekar G, Eriksson H, Henneberg SW, Sandin R; (Task Force on Scandinavian Pre-operative Fasting Guidelines, Clinical Practice Committee Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine), et al. Pre-operative fasting guidelines: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49(8):1041-7. 6. Hutchinson A, Maltby JR, Reid CR. Gastric fluid volume and
pH in elective inpatients. Part I: coffee or orange juice versus overnight fast. Can J Anesth. 1988;35(1):12-5. 7. Maltby JR, Reid CR, Hutchinson A. Gastric fluid volume and pH in elective inpatients. Part II: coffee or orange juice with ranitidine. Can J Anaesth. 1998;35(1):16-9. 8. Kaska M, Grosmanová T, Havel E, Hyspler R, Petrová Z, Brtko M, et al. The impact and safety of preoperative oral or intravenous carbohydrate administration versus fasting in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2010;122(1-2):23-30. 9. Nygren J, Thorell A, Jacobsson H, Larsson S, Scchnell PO, Hylén L, et al. Preoperative gastric emptying. Effects of anxiety and oral carbohydrate administration. Ann Surg. 1995;222(6):728-34. 10. Ljungqvist O, Thorell A, Gutniak M, Häggmark T, Efendic S. Glucose infusion instead of preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;178(4):329-36. 11. Feguri GR, Lima PRL, Lopes AM, Roledo A, Marchese M, Trevisan M, et al. Resultados clínicos e metabólicos da abreviação do jejum com carboidratos na revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(1):7-17.
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SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):1-6
GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital GuaragnaSCORE prediz satisfatoriamente os desfechos em cirurgia cardíaca valvar em hospital brasileiro
Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá1, Marcus Villander Barros de Oliveira Sá2, Ana Carla Lopes de Albuquerque2, Belisa Barreto Gomes da Silva2, José Williams Muniz de Siqueira2, Phabllo Rodrigo Santos de Brito2, Frederico Pires Vasconcelos2, Ricardo de Carvalho Lima3
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120003
RBCCV 44205-1344
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the applicability of GuaragnaSCORE for predicting mortality in patients undergoing heart valve surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, PE, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective study involving 491 consecutive patients operated between May/2007 and December/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the score. The outcome of interest was death. Association of model factors with death (univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis), association of risk score classes with death and accuracy of the model by the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve were calculated. Results: The incidence of death was 15.1%. The nine variables of the score were predictive of perioperative death in both univariate and multivariate analysis. We observed that the higher the risk class of the patient (low, medium, high, very high, extremely high), the greater is the incidence of postoperative AF (0%; 7.2%; 25.5%; 38.5%; 52.4%), showing that the model seems to be a good predictor of risk of postoperative death, in a statistically significant
association (P <0.001). The score presented a good accuracy, since the discrimination power of the model in this study according to the ROC curve was 78.1%. Conclusions: The Brazilian score proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing heart valve surgery at our institution.
1 – MD, MSc. 2 – MD 3 – MD, MSc, PhD, ChM.
Correspondence address: Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira, 4172/405 – Recife, PE, Brazil – ZIP code: 51021-040. E-mail: michel_pompeu@yahoo.com.br
This study was carried out at Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE). University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
Descriptors: Risk. Heart valve diseases. Cardiovascular surgical procedures. Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicabilidade do GuaragnaSCORE na predição de mortalidade perioperatória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca valvar na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, PE, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 491 pacientes consecutivos operados entre maio/2007 e dezembro/2010. Os registros continham todas as informações utilizadas para calcular a pontuação. O desfecho de interesse foi óbito. A associação de fatores do escore com óbito (análise univariada
Article received on November 8th, 2011 Article accepted on January 3rd, 2012
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Sá MPBO, et al. - GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols CABG CI CPB EF NYHA OR PAH ROC curve SPSS
coronary artery bypass graft confidence interval cardiopulmonary bypass ejection fraction New York Heart Association criteria odds ratio pulmonary arterial hypertension receiver operating characteristic curve Statistical Package for Social Sciences
e análise de regressão logística multivariada), associação de classes de risco do escore com óbito e acurácia do modelo através da área sob a curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) foram calculados.
INTRODUCTION Currently, a total of 275.000 cardiac valve replacement surgeries are carried out worldwide [1], with operative mortality ranging from 1 to 15% [2,3]. The reported mortality in Brazil is 8.9% for heart valve surgeries, according to administrative register from DATASUS [4]. Guaragna et al. [5] recently proposed a Brazilian risk score for prediction of surgical risk after heart valve surgery – we baptized the model as GuaragnaSCORE. However, several studies show that risk prediction scores tend to have inferior performance when applied to different groups of patients which have been used to development of the original model [6]. So the external assessment in population of patients with new data from other institutions is always important for the score has wide clinical application [7-9]. Previously, we tested EuroSCORE in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at our institution, and this proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a discriminating satisfactory postoperative outcome, so we showed the importance of validating risk prediction models in local institutions in order to verify its applicability [8]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of the score of Guaragna et al. [5] in predicting surgical risk in our institution, specifically in the group undergoing heart valve surgery. METHODS Source population After approval by the ethics committee, in accordance with Resolution 196/96 (National Board of Health – Ministry of Health – Brazil) [10,11], we reviewed the records of patients undergoing consecutive isolated heart valve surgery (replacement or repair) or combined with CABG 2
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Resultados: A incidência de óbito foi de 15,1%. As nove variáveis do escore foram preditoras de morte em análise univariada e multivariada. Observamos que, quanto maior a classe de risco do paciente (baixa, média, alta, muito alta, extremamente alta), maior é a incidência de óbito (0%; 7,2%; 25,5%; 38,5%; 52,4%), demonstrando que o modelo parece ser um bom preditor de risco de óbito, em uma associação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,001). O escore apresentou boa acurácia, levando em consideração que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 78,1%. Conclusões: O escore brasileiro demonstrou-se um índice simples e objetivo, revelando-se um preditor satisfatório de óbito no período perioperatório em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca valvar em nossa instituição. Descritores: Risco. Doenças das valvas cardíacas. Procedimentos cirúrgicos cardiovasculares.
surgery at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil, from May 2007 to December 2010. We excluded the following: patients whose records did not contain the necessary data concerning the variables to be studied; patients undergoing surgery for tricuspid and/or pulmonary valves (when isolated, due to small number of patients undergoing these procedures); age < 18 years. Study design It was a retrospective study of exposed and nonexposed to certain factors (independent variables) with outcome (dependent variable) followed by assessment of a model (the score of Guaragna et al. [5]). The independent variables were: gender (male/female), age (years), surgical priority (emergency/urgency surgery considered as a single variable and defined as the need to undergo surgical intervention in up to 48 hours, due to imminent risk of death or unstable clinical-hemodynamic condition), heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association criteria (NYHA I, II, III, IV), ejection fraction (EF%, measured by echocardiography), serum creatinine (mg/dL), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, detected at the echocardiogram, defined as systolic pressure in pulmonary artery ≥ 30 mmHg according to the Brazilian Guideline of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of 2005), combined CABG surgery. The dependent variable was perioperative death (considered in the transoperative period and throughout the entire hospitalization period). Each patient was evaluated for the presence or absence of the nine risk factors established by Guaragna et al. [5], respecting the definition of each of them and giving them the correct score (Table 1). Depending on the final score, each patient was placed in one of the five risk groups (Table 2).
Sá MPBO, et al. - GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital
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Table 1. Factors associated with development of outcome (death) after heart valve surgery and appropriate score Clinical profile Score Age > 60 years 3 Emergency/urgency surgery 17 Female sex 2 Ejection fraction < 45% 2 Combined CABG 3 Pulmonary arterial hypertension 2 NYHA class III or IV 2 Creatinine 1.5 - 2.49 mg/dL 2 Creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL or dialysis 6
with a mean age of 44.6 ± 17.9 years, being 51.5% female. In-hospital death occurred in 15.1% (n=74) patients.
Table 2. Risk category according to the score Risk category Low Medium High Very High Extremely high
Univariate analysis Analyzing the variables proposed in the score with the occurrence of death, we observed that all of them were significantly associated with this complication (Figure 1).
Total score 0-3 4-6 7-9 10 - 13 > 14
Statistical methods Data were analyzed using percentage and descriptive statistics measures. The following tests were used: chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate, for nonparametric variables). In the study of univariate association between categorical variables, the values of the odds ratio (OR) and a confidence interval (CI) for this parameter with a reliability of 95% were obtained. Multivariate analysis was adjusted to a logistic regression model to explain the proportion of patients who died that were significantly associated to the level of 5% (P <0.05) by a backward elimination procedure. The calibration of multivariate model was evaluated by the HosmerLemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The accuracy (discrimination ability of the score) was calculated using the area under the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve), built on correct prediction of death (among high, very high and extremely high risk categories) and correct prediction of survival (among low and medium risk categories). The level of significance in the decision of the statistical tests was 5%. The program used for data entry and retrieval of statistical calculations was SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 15.0. RESULTS Incidence of death and population characteristics Taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 491 patients undergoing heart valve surgery
Fig. 1 - Association of clinical characteristics with the occurrence of death after heart valve surgery (univariate analysis). EF - ejection fraction; CABG - coronary artery bypass graft
Multivariate analysis Applying a multivariate logistic regression model, associations of clinical variables of the score remained strongly associated with death (Table 3). The model was well accepted (P<0.001) and showed a degree of explanation of 88.4%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit was also well accepted (P=0.811), indicating a good model calibration. Analysis of the score and prediction of death The incidence of death according to the risk score 3
Sá MPBO, et al. - GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital
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Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression model Variable Age > 60 years Female NYHA class III - IV Combined CABG Ejection fraction < 45% Emergency/urgency surgery Pulmonary arterial hypertension Creatinine 1.50 - 2.49 mg/dL Creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL
Univariate analysis 5.04 (2.99 - 8.52) 2.20 (1.30 - 3.71) 3.84 (2.11 - 6.99) 7.98 (4.11 - 15.50) 3.03 (1.73 - 5.31) 9.01 (4.83 - 16.79) 2.65 (1.28 - 5.50) 3.35 (1.81 - 6.21) 3.25 (1.33 - 7.96)
OR / 95%CI Multivariate analysis 3.33 (1.67 - 6.64) 2.40 (1.23 - 4.67) 2.14 (1.04 - 4.43) 6.56 (2.71 - 15.89) 2.30 (1.09 - 4.87) 7.48 (3.46 - 16.18) 2.77 (1.13 - 6.78) 2.20 (1.07 - 7.00) 2.09 (1.03 - 8.00)
P value 0.001* 0.010* 0.040* < 0.001* 0.029* < 0.001* 0.026* 0.048* 0.049*
(*): Significative at 5% level. Constant P < 0.001
Fig. 2 - Relationship between the risk group classification according to the score and incidence of death. Note the upward curve as it increases the risk class
classification is showed in Figure 2. We observed that the higher is the risk category, the higher is the incidence of death, in a statistically significant association (P<0.001). Accuracy of the proposed risk score According to the results presented in the area under the ROC curve (overall capacity of the measure used to discriminate individuals who died or survived), measured by 78.1%, the score shown a good measure to identify patients with risk of death (Figure 3). DISCUSSION The incidence of death in our study was 15.1%. This is 28% greater than that observed in the original study by Guaragna et al. [5], which was 11.8%. This is probably because our population has surplus of 17% of female, 25% of patients with NYHA class III/IV, 35.2% of left ventricular dysfunction, 301.6% of pulmonary arterial hypertension, 81.5% of creatinine 1.50-2.49 mg/dL and 213.6% of creatinine ≥ 2.5 mg/dL, which makes our population as higher risk. 4
Fig. 3 - Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The graphic shows the good accuracy of the model
We observed that age ≥ 60 years is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Almeida et al. [12] already demonstrated that age is associated with the occurrence of death after heart valve surgery regardless of type of prosthesis (biological or mechanics). We also observed that female is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Andrade et al. [13] demonstrated that female gender increases by 2 times the chance of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery (independent association). We also observed that ejection fraction ≤ 45% is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. De Bacco et al. [14] showed that left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.
Sá MPBO, et al. - GuaragnaSCORE satisfactorily predicts outcomes in heart valve surgery in a Brazilian hospital
We also observed that combined CABG is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. We think it happens for two reasons. First, many studies show that combination of two or more concomitant cardiac surgeries increases the risk of death [5,8,9]. Second, the combination with CABG increases time of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Many studies showed the impact of CPB in increased rates of morbidity and mortality in various situations related to cardiac surgery [15,16]. We also observed that pulmonary arterial hypertension is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Roques el al. [17] demonstrated the importance of pulmonary hypertension on outcomes during the development of EuroSCORE. We also observed that NYHA class III/IV is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Despite this evidence, we must remember that it is precisely these patients (patients more symptomatic) who benefit from more aggressive strategies (surgical treatment) compared with medical therapy [18]. We also observed that high levels of creatinine is an independent predictor of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Volkmann et al. [19] showed that, beyond patients with overt renal insufficiency, patients with hidden renal dysfunction (normal creatinine, but with decreased glomerular filtration rate) had a higher incidence of death after cardiac surgery, demonstrating the impact of renal disease in outcomes. It is worth mentioning that other scores have been tested in cardiac surgery, although not specifically in heart valve surgery. Recently, Mejía et al. [9] tested the EuroSCORE and 2000 Parsonnet-Bernstein in Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital (InCor-USP). They showed that the similarity between both observed and expected mortality by the scores allows them to confirm that the values given by the scores to the various risk factors could be applied to their patients. Therefore, they concluded that both models were similar and adequate in predicting the mortality of patients undergoing CABG, heart valve, and associated surgeries at their institution. The GuaragnaSCORE stands out in the sense of having been created specifically for heart valve surgery. The GuaragnaSCORE presented a good accuracy, since the discrimination power of the model in this study according to the ROC curve was 78.1%. CONCLUSIONS The risk score proposed by Guaragna et al. [5] seems to be a good model for prediction of death in patients undergoing heart valve surgery.
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REFERENCES 1. Rabkin E, Schoen FJ. Cardiovascular tissue engineering. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2002;11(6):305-17. 2. Brandão CMA. Avaliação do risco em cirurgia cardíaca valvar. In: Grinberg M, Sampaio RO, eds. Doença valvar. Barueri:Manole;2006. p.199-201. 3. Ambler G, Omar RZ, Royston P, Kinsman R, Keogh BE, Taylor KM. Generic, simple risk stratification model for heart valve surgery. Circulation. 2005;112(2):224-31. 4. Ribeiro AL, Gagliardi SP, Nogueira JL, Silveira LM, Colosimo EA, Lopes do Nascimento CA. Mortality related to cardiac surgery in Brazil, 2000-2003. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131(4):907-9. 5. Guaragna JC, Bodanese LC, Bueno FL, Goldani MA. Proposed preoperative risk score for patients candidate to cardiac valve surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(4):541-8. 6. Shahian DM, Blackstone EH, Edwards FH, Grover FL, Grunkemeier GL, Naftel DC; STS workforce on evidencebased surgery. Cardiac surgery risk models: a position article. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(5):1868-77. 7. Sá MP, Figueira ES, Santos CA, Figueiredo OJ, Lima RO, Rueda FG, et al. Validation of MagedanzSCORE as a predictor of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(3):386-92. 8. Sá MP, Soares EF, Santos CA, Figueredo OJ, Lima RO, Escobar RR, et al. EuroSCORE and mortality in coronary artery bypass graft surgery at Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services [Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco]. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(4):474-82. 9. Mejía OA, Lisboa LA, Puig LB, Dias RR, Dallan LA, Pomerantzeff PM, et al. The 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet score and EuroSCORE are similar in predicting mortality at the Heart Institute, USP. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):1-6. 10. Sá MP, Lima RC. Research Ethics Committee: mandatory necessity. Requirement needed. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(3):III-IV. 11. Lima SG, Lima TA, Macedo LA, Sá MP, Vidal ML, Gomes AF, et al. Ethics in research with human beings: from knowledge to practice. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):289-94. 12. Almeida AS, Picon PD, Wender OC. Outcomes of patients subjected to aortic valve replacement surgery using mechanical or biological prostheses. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(3):326-37. 13. Andrade IN, Moraes Neto FR, Oliveira JP, Silva IT, Andrade TG, Moraes CR. Assesment of the EuroSCORE as a predictor for mortality in valve cardiac surgery at the Heart Institute of Pernambuco. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(1):11-8.
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14. De Bacco MW, Sartori AP, Sant’Anna JR, Santos MF, Prates PR, Kalil RA, et al. Risk factors for hospital mortality in valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(3):334-40.
17. Roques F, Nashef SA, Michel P, Gauducheau E, de Vincentiis C, Baudet E, et al. Risk factors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19030 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15(6):816-22.
15. Anderson AJ, Barros Neto FX, Costa MA, Dantas LD, Hueb AC, Prata MF. Predictors of mortality in patients over 70 years-old undergoing CABG or valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):69-75.
18. Kassab AK, Kassab KK. Mitral regurgitation: comparison among clinical and surgical treatment medium term in agreement with the functional class. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2002;17(2):128-31.
16. Sá MP, Lima LP, Rueda FG, Escobar RR, Cavalcanti PE, Thé EC, et al. Comparative study between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft in women. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(2):238-44.
19. Volkmann MA, Behr PE, Burmeister JE, Consoni PR, Kalil RA, Prates PR, et al. Hidden renal dysfunction causes increased in-hospital mortality risk after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(3):319-25.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):7-17
Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery Resultados clínicos e metabólicos da abreviação do jejum com carboidratos na revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio
Gibran Roder Feguri1, Paulo Ruiz Lúcio Lima2, Andréa Mazoni Lopes3, Andréa Roledo4, Miriam Marchese4, Mônica Trevisan5, Haitham Ahmad5, Bruno Baranhuk de Freitas5, José Eduardo de AguilarNascimento6
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120004
RBCCV 44205-1345
Abstract Introduction: Limited information is available about preoperative fasting abbreviation with administration of liquid enriched with carboidrates (CHO) in cardiovascular surgeries. Objectives: To assess clinical variables, security of the method and effects on the metabolism of patients undergoing fasting abbreviation in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: Forty patients undergoing CABG were randomized to receive 400ml (6h before) and 200ml (2h before) of maltodextrin at 12.5% (Group I, n=20) or only water (Group II, n=20) before anesthetic induction. Perioperative clinical variables were assessed. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed by Homa-IR index and also by the need of exogenous insulin; pancreatic beta-cell excretory function by Homa-Beta index and glycemic control by tests of capillary glucose. Results: Deaths, bronchoaspiration, mediastinitis, stroke
and AMI did not occur. Atrial fibrillation occurred in two patients of each group and infectious complications did not differ among groups (P=0.611). Patients of Group I presented two days less of hospital stay (P=0.025) and one day less in the ICU (P<0.001). The length of time using dobutamine was shorter in Group I (P=0.034). Glycemic control in the first 6h after surgery was worse for Group II (P=0.012). IR was verified and did not differ among groups (P>0.05). A decline in the endogenous production of insulin was observed in both groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Preoperative fasting abbreviation with the administration of CHO in the CABG was safe. The glycemic control improved in the ICU; there was less time in the use of dobutamine and length of hospital and ICU stay was reduced. However, neither IR nor morbimortality during hospital phase were influenced.
1 – Cardiovascular Surgeon Physician. Master’s Degree in Surgery and Metabolism at UFMT. Specialist title at Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery. Habilitated member of DECA. 2 – Cardiovascular Surgeon Physician. Specialist title at Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery. ECCOR Team Director – Cuiabá/MT. 3 – Cardiovascular Surgeon Physician. Associate Member of Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery. 4 – Cardiologist Physician. Specialist Title at Brazilian Society of Cardiology. 5 – Cardiologist Physician. 6 – Surgeon and Gastroenterologist Physician. Titular Professor at Surgical Clinics Department of the UFMT Medical College. General Secretary and elected Chairman of the International
Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN). Titular of the Brazilian College of Surgeons.
Descriptors: Myocardial Revascularization. Perioperative Care. Insulin Resistance. Metabolism. Fasting.
This study was carried out at Hospital Geral Universitário. Associação de Proteção a Maternidade e Infância de Cuiabá. Correspondence address: Gibran Roder Feguri Rua Treze de Junho Nº 2101, sala 13, Centro. Cuiabá/MT. CEP: 78025-110 E-mail: gibranrf@sbccv.org.br Article received on January 7th, 2012 Article accepted on February 5th, 2012
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Feguri GR, et al. - Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols ACERTO ACTH CABG CVS CPC CHO CABG GERD AAF LVEF GH Homa AMI CAD BMI PO IPO IR SIRS WIC ICI PONV
Accelerated Total Recovery Postoperative adrenocorticotropic hormone coronary artery bypass graft cardiovascular surgery cardiopulmonary bypass carbohydrate coronary artery bypass graft gastroesophageal reflux disease acute atrial fibrillation Left ventricle ejection fraction growth hormone Homeostatic model assessment acute myocardial infarction coronary artery disease body mass index postoperative postoperative period insuline resistance systemic inflammatory response syndrome written informed consent intensive care unit posteoperative nausea and vomiting
Resumo Introdução: Existe pouca informação sobre abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com oferta de líquidos ricos em carboidratos (CHO) nas operações cardiovasculares. Objetivos: Avaliar variáveis clínicas, segurança do método e efeitos no metabolismo de pacientes submetidos à abreviação
INTRODUCTION The traditional perioperative care has been questioned and evidence has shown that certain behaviors are obsolete and applied without scientific support. Thus, studies that discuss multimodal protocols of fast-track or ckecklist in surgical patients attempt to define perioperative care to involve themselves with less morbidity, lower costs and accelerate recovery. The implementation of these protocols with quality control in cardiovascular surgery (CVS) does not seem easy, but it is necessary, since the specialty needs to interact with several different areas of medicine and hospital sectors [1-6]. Example of multimodal protocol questioning old paradigms is ACERTO (Accelerated Total Recovery Postoperative), with the main points of action: assessment and perioperative nutritional therapy, abbreviation of preoperative fasting with free liquid carbohydrate (CHO), both restriction of intravenous fluids and use of catheters and drains, feedback and early mobilization postoperatively (PO), reduction of length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), among others. [7] The prevalence of malnutrition in surgical patients ranges from 22% to 58% [8], and the the identification of these patients 8
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do jejum na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM). Métodos: Quarenta pacientes submetidos à CRVM foram randomizados para receberem 400 ml (6 horas antes) e 200 ml (2 horas antes) de maltodextrina a 12,5% (Grupo I, n=20) ou apenas água (Grupo II, n=20) antes da indução anestésica. Foram avaliadas diversas variáveis clínicas no perioperatório e também a resistência insulínica (RI) pelo índice de HomaIR e pela necessidade de insulina exógena; além da função excretora da célula beta pancreática pelo Homa-Beta e controle glicêmico por exames de glicemia capilar. Resultados: Não ocorreram óbitos, broncoaspiração, mediastinite, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou acidente vascular encefálico perioperatórios. Fibrilação atrial ocorreu em dois pacientes de cada grupo e complicações infecciosas não diferiram entre os grupos (P=0,611). Pacientes do Grupo I apresentaram dois dias a menos de internação hospitalar (P=0,025) e um dia a menos na UTI (P<0,001). O tempo de uso de dobutamina foi menor no Grupo I (P=0,034). Houve pior controle glicêmico nas primeiras 6 horas de pósoperatório no Grupo II (P=0,012). RI foi constatada e não diferiu entre os grupos (P>0,05). Declínio da produção endógena de insulina ocorreu em ambos os grupos (P<0,001). Conclusão: Abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com oferta de CHO na CRVM foi segura, melhorou o controle glicêmico na UTI, diminuiu tempo de uso de dobutamina, e de internação hospitalar e na UTI. Contudo, não influenciou a RI e morbimortalidade de fase hospitalar. Descritores: Revascularização miocárdica. Assistência perioperatória. Resistência à insulina. Metabolismo. Jejum.
is the task of protocols applied to daily practice. In a multicenter national study [9], the prevalence of malnourished hospitalized patients was 48%. In all those who are screened as moderate to severe malnutrition, nutritional therapy is indicated for preoperative surgical outcomes and to improve healing, decrease complications, duration of mechanical ventilation in ICU, length of stay and hospital costs [10]. Malnourished patients undergoing CVS have higher mortality and incidence of mediastinitis, especially in patients with hypoalbuminemia preoperatively [11]. Another important aspect is the question of the time of preoperative fasting, which was established when the anesthetic techniques were rudimentary, to prevent pulmonary complications associated with aspiration of gastric contents (Mendelson’s syndrome). In the early nineteenth century, it was allowed to drink a small cup of tea a few hours before the operation. After the questioning of Mendelson’s syndrome, the guidelines for preoperative fasting have changed, adopting rules for fasting from midnight to patients who had their operation scheduled for the morning, and allowed light breakfast for those who underwent surgery in the afternoon. This position was put into practice because of its convenience. [12,13] However, current guidelines recommend clear liquids (water, tea and
Feguri GR, et al. - Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
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juices without waste) until two hours before surgery [14]. The benefits of fasting six to eight hours to prevent gastric aspiration have been questioned, and this practice is considered obsolete [14,15]. In general, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastroparesis are susceptible to gastric aspiration. The metabolic response to trauma is enhanced by prolonged fasting, and decreased insulin levels (single anabolic hormone in the acute phase of trauma response), however, there are increased levels of glucagon, causing rapid utilization of liver glycogen. Previously, gluconeogenesis is activated and the muscle protein starts providing glucose to tissues that depends on this exclusively as an energy source. This phenomenon has central regulation, also causing increased secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland and increased secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland. Serum levels of growth hormone (GH) rise when hypoglycemia or decreased circulating free fatty acids. Not only the cortisol, but also the decrease of insulin and the increased adrenergic hormones are responsible for catabolic reactions to provide amino acid to the circulatory system [16]. Within the metabolic response to trauma insulin resistance (IR) manifests, which can last up to three weeks after the holding of elective surgeries. This expression is more intense in the 1st and 2nd postoperative day and is directly proportional to the size of the surgery [17]. The prolonged preoperative fasting contributes to increase insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by increasing the metabolic stress of the surgery. The precise mechanisms of this manifestation has not been completely unraveled, and defects in transmembrane proteins (facilitative glucose transporter protein) seems to play an important role. The decrease of the signal from the insulin receptor and changes its structure biomolecular promote IR. This metabolic state is similar to type 2 diabetes, so the glucose uptake by the cells becomes diminished by the inability of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;GLUT-4â&#x20AC;? carrier to perform this action, resulting in decreased production of glycogen and increased endogenous glucose production, gluconeogenesis pathway [18]. Hyperglycemia is an independent factor of worse prognosis in CVS, because it increases infection rates, worsening wound healing and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. The negative influence of hyperglycemia is proven mainly in diabetics, but also in non-diabetic patients undergoing CABG, increasing platelet aggregation, inflammation postoperatively and hospital costs. Tight glucose control is associated with reduced complications and mortality in CABG [19]. Another aspect that corroborates the IR and hyperglycemia in CVS is the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); it has been proven that the CPB is
responsible for the development of systemic inflammatory response, with the possibility of increased morbidity. However, this event nowadays is well understood and controlled [20]. Based on the aforementioned prolonged fasting, researchers have experimented with the use of clear liquids until two hours before surgery, to improve the metabolic response. A calorie content (pure CHO or with proteins) associated with the liquid proved to be beneficial for the reversal of IR related to surgical trauma in some types of surgeries, and also assessed in the CVS. Typically, it is used 12.5% maltodextrin (200-400 ml), two hours before surgery with safety. Studies have shown benefits in reducing the loss of muscle mass and strength, reduced anxiety, hunger and thirst, beyond the maintenance of immune function in the postoperative period [21-23]. Aguilar-Nascimento et al. [7] investigated the rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in surgical patients, and found a lower rate of these complications in those who used CHO solution preoperatively. Yagci et al. [24] demonstrated that CHO-rich liquid in the evening before surgery and two hours before induction of anesthesia does not alter the gastric pH and its contents, suggesting safety in terms of aspiration. Within this context, the aim of this study was to investigate whether abbreviation of the preoperative fasting using CHO-content fluid, would improve clinical perioperative glycemic control and IR of nondiabetic patients undergoing elective CABG with CPB. METHODS Characterization of the study This is a prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial, with data collection performed from May 2010 to June 2011. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Hospital Geral UniversitĂĄrio (Registration No. 053/CEP/UNIC; protocol 2010-048) and all patients signed a written informed consent (WIC). Inclusion and exclusion criteria The present study included patients with clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), with indication for elective CABG and accepted to participate in the study after a review of the informed consent, their understanding, agreement and signature. We excluded patients under 18 or over 70 years, diabetics or those with fasting glucose above 110mg/dl; patients with gastroparesis or GERD; those who did not sign the WIC; who were in the chronic use of corticosteroids within six 9
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months before surgery; emergency surgery or combined (eg. CABG and valve replacement); previous cardiovascular surgeries (re-operations); those in the presence of acute coronary syndrome or mechanical complications of infarction and severe malnutrition requiring nutritional therapy.
Parameters analyzed - collection of blood samples and capillary blood glucose monitoring In the preoperative phase, patients were assessed by a multidisciplinary team, and nutritional assessment was performed and collected anthropometric and clinical data of relevance. In the perioperative and recovery phase, in addition to serum elements object of this study, clinical data have been documented to answer the questions contained in the variables of study, in addition to the times of surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping (AC). We collected blood samples at different stages: a first sample in the preoperative phase, 2nd and 3rd samples in the operating room, being the 2nd before induction of anesthesia and the 3rd at the end of CPB (post-CPB), from the 4th to 6th samples in the immediate postoperative period (IPO), being the 4th sample when reaching the ICU, the 5th with 6h of evolution and the 6th with 12h of postoperative evolution. Glucose and insulin were measured for calculation of the Homa index (IR and Beta) for each sample. Two capillary blood glucose tests were performed in the operating room, and the 1st occurred immediately before entering CPB and the 2nd after 1h of infusion. Furthermore, six additional serial examinations were performed in the first 6h of recovery in the ICU at the bedside. It has been documented the amount of exogenous insulin used in these phases.
Design by Groups, abbreviation of preoperative fasting We included 40 consecutive patients, divided and randomized into two groups of 20 each (Group I – Intervention and Group II - Control), with the aid of GraphPad Software ™ (QuickCalcs). Fasting for solids occurred at 22h the day before surgery. Abbreviation of fasting occurred as recommended by the ACERTO project [7]. It was offered CHO-rich liquid (12.5% maltodextrin) for patients randomized in the group I and water to patients in group II. The amount was 400 ml 6h and 200 ml 2h before induction of anesthesia for both groups. Variables studied Main outcome: Evaluation of IR by Homa-IR method [25] and the amount of exogenous insulin used to maintain blood glucose <150mg/dl in the operating room and in the first 6h of recovery in the ICU; glycemic control for capillary glucose tests and serial exams of blood glucose; incidence of mediastinitis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and in-hospital mortality; length of hospital stay and ICU stay. Secondary outcome: presence of thirst and discomfort preoperatively; presence of PONV in the postoperative recovery phase; assessment of excretory function of pancreatic beta-cell by Homa-Beta index [25]; incidence of bronchoaspiration during induction of anesthesia; need and duration of use of vasoactive drugs both in the operating room and ICU; duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU and incidence of acute atrial fibrillation (AAF). Anesthesia and surgical technique The anesthetic technique used was the routine of the Service. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam infusion (0.1 mg/kg), fentanyl (2-5 mcg/kg) and pancuronium bromide (0.1 mg/kg) for muscle relaxation. Additional doses of these medications for maintenance of anesthesia were performed if necessary and every hour. Isoflurane was used by inhalation, in usual doses (0.5%-1.25%) for balanced general anesthesia. All patients were maintained on mechanical ventilation. The surgical approach was through median sternotomy with CPB to perform the allotted time. The oxygenator used was of membrane type, Braile Biomedica® (São José do Rio Preto/Brazil). As a method of myocardial protection was used hypothermic intermittent anterograde blood cardioplegia (every 15-20 min.) associated with mild systemic hypothermia (33°- 35°C). 10
Statistical analysis For values with Gaussian distribution we used parametric paired (or non-paired) t-tests, and analysis of variance. For values without Gaussian distribution we used nonparametric tests of Friedman, Wilcoxon and MannWhitney test. For qualitative variables we used chi-square and Fisher exact test. The descriptive analyzes were performed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and statistical analyzes in Stats Direct Statistical software (1.9.15). Calculation of the sample was based on the premise of a two-day decrease in length of hospital stay. The significance level adopted was 5%, 80% power and twotailed tests. RESULTS Clinical results of the preoperative phase The demographic and clinical data, including analysis of risk factors for CAD, can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. In general, statistical analyzes revealed similarities between the groups (P> 0.05). Analysis of patients revealed a mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 53.2 ± 11.9% for Group I and 49.8 ± 13.1% in Group II, what did not differ between groups (P=0.440).
Feguri GR, et al. - Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
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The average time of fasting, in hours, for solids in Group I was 13.2 ± 2.8 h, as in Group II was 15.9 ± 4.1 h (P=0.020). Of the 40 patients assessed, only three patients in Group II reported discomfort and thirst preoperatively (P=0.115).
I (P=0.057). No patient developed cardiogenic shock or vasoplegic syndrome. The mean LVEF of patients in Groups I and II who required dobutamine, compared to the other patients, did not differ statistically (P>0.05).
Clinical results of intraoperative phase There were no cases of bronchoaspiration during anesthesia. No patient required the passage of a nasogastric tube for any reason. Gastric residue was not measured in this study. The mean total surgery time was 237.2 ± 45.8 min. for Group I and 225 ± 46.4 min. For Group II (P=0.652). The mean CPB time was 73.6 ± 23.3 min. for Group I and 71.3 ± 25.1 for Group II (P=0.856). The mean AC time was 59.3 ± 20.2 min. in Group I and 58.9 ± 25.0 min. for Group II, with no significant difference between groups (P=0.835). Regarding the need for vasoactive amines for weaning from CPB, four patients in Group I and ten patients of the Group II required dobutamine (positive inotropic drug), using as the standard an initial dose of 5 mcg/kg/min. This data denoted a reduced tendency to need the drug for Group
Clinical results of postoperative care unit (ICU and ward) Incidence of PONV was assessed in the ICU. Six patients had nausea in Group I and eight patients in Group II (P=0.741); and three of these patients had at least one episode of emesis in Group I, while in Group II four patients experienced this manifestation. In the ward, three patients in Group I and five in Group II reported nausea (P=0.695), one patient in Group I presented vomiting, as in Group II, two patients presented emesis. The duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU, on average, was 373 ± 192.6 min. for Group I and 433.2 ± 185.3 min. for Group II (P=0.357). There was no need for vasoconstrictors in the ICU and gradual weaning of the dobutamine introduced was only performed during recovery. When assessing over time (in
Table 1. Demographic and anthropometric data of 40 patients in the sample. Group I: patients undergoing fasting abbreviation with carbohydrate. Group II: patients undergoing fasting abbreviation with water to control. Age (years) Male White race, number White race, number (kg) Height (m) BMI (kg/m2) Waist Width (cm) Hip width (cm) Waist-hip ratio SGAA SGA B
Group I (n=20) n(%) or mean±sd 56.6 ± 6.56 14 (70) 13 (65) 71.1 ± 13.8 1.65 ± 0.08 26.08 ± 3.27 94.11 ± 9.07 96.52 ± 6.83 0.95 ± 0.07 18 (90) 2 (10)
Group II (n=20) n(%) or mean±sd 60.5 ± 7.25 12 (60) 11 (55) 75.2 ± 11.6 1.64 ± 0.07 28.00 ± 3.52 99.6 ± 9.20 101.15 ± 8.08 0.95 ± 0.05 18 (90) 2 (10)
P Value 0.082 0.530 0.540 0.312 0.739 0.081 0.064 0.058 0.224 1.000 1.000
SGA = Subjective Global Assessment, BMI = body mass index, SD = standard deviation, n = number of patients
Table 2. Clinical risk factors of the 40 patients of the sample. Group I: patients undergoing fasting abbreviation with carbohydrate. Group II: patients undergoing fasting abbreviation with water to control. Smoking Sedentarism Dyslipidemia Use of Statins Use of Beta-blockers Previous MI Pre-CTA
Group I (n=20) n(%) 12 (60) 12 (60) 16 (80) 11 (55) 15 (75) 13 (65) 4 (20)
Group II (n=20) n(%) 10 (50) 14 (70) 16 (80) 15 (75) 18 (90) 11 (55) 5 (25)
P Value 0.660 0.530 1.000 0.162 0.327 0.743 0.657
CTA = Coronary Transluminal Angioplasty, AMI = Acute Myocardial Infarction, n = number of patients
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hours) of the use of dobutamine in the ICU, for Group I, the average was 12.1 ± 4.5 h, as in Group II was 15.9 ± 18.6 h, giving a statistical difference between groups (P=0.034). Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred in two patients in each group in the ICU. Infectious complications occurred in one patient in Group I and two patients in group II (P=0.611). Severe infections or mediastinitis did not occur, as there was no mortality during hospitalization and cases of perioperative stroke or MI. As to the time of hospital stay (Figure 1), there was significant differences between groups. Patients in Group I remained, on average, 2.5 ± 0.5 days in the ICU, whereas patients in Group II remained 3.5 ± 1days (P<0.001). For the duration of hospital stay, patients in group I were hospitalized on average 7.8 ± 1.4 days, whereas patients in group II were 9.7 ± 3.1 days (P=0.025).
Median blood glucose values preoperatively were similar between groups. When assessing the results of six blood glucose measured serially (preoperative, anesthetic induction, post-CPB, IPO, 6h and 12h PO), we observed a significant increase (P<0.001) of these values for both groups (Figure 3). However, the analyzes revealed no significant difference between groups (P>0.05).
Results of glycemic control (blood glucose and tests of capillary glucose) Two tests of capillary glucose tests were performed intraoperatively. In relation to the 1st test (before the start of CPB) there was no difference between groups (P=0.692), and in Group I, the average was 129.9 ± 38.4 mg/dl and in Group II was of 135.4 ± 40.5 mg/dl. For the 2nd examination (1h after initiation of CPB), the mean of Group I was 162.2 ± 46.6 mg/dl, as in Group II was 175.3 ± 31.7 mg/dl (P=0.274). Six tests of capillary glucose time series were performed during the IPO, as part of the recovery protocol in the ICU (Figure 2). Statistical comparison was performed, and for Group I, there was no difference (P=0.497) between serial examinations (from 1st to 6th examination), even when assessed as paired data. In Group II, there was significant difference (P=0.012) between serial examinations, with a progressive increase in blood glucose values and worsening glycemic control in this group, evidenced by the paired analyzes.
Results from insulin resistance (Homa-IR and insulin requirements) We observed a slight decline of the Homa-IR values of induction of anesthesia, for those of the preoperative phase in both groups. From induction to the post-CPB values, significant increase occurred in Group I (P=0.007) and Group II (P<0.001). The results of post-CPB measurements for the IPO, the opposite occurred, with a decline of these IPO values (4th measurement) for Group I (P=0.475) and group II (P=0.028). From the IPO in both groups a gradual increase of the index was observed, yielding an average of 11.2 ± 8.2 (median 8.9) for Group I and 11.6 ± 7.6 (median 9,2) for Group II in the last measurement (12h PO) (Figure 4). Between the groups, there was no significant difference in the assessment of the results (P>0.05).
Fig. 2 - Box plot showing the results of capillary blood glucose serial testing for patients in groups I and II, in the first six hours of recovery in the ICU.
The mean use of exogenous insulin in the operating room, for Group I was 5.9 ± 5.7 IU, whereas in Group II was 7.5 ± 5.0 IU (P=0.321). Seven patients in Group I and three Group II did not require exogenous insulin at this stage (P=0.679). In the ICU and for Group I, the mean utilization was 18.5 ± 13.4 IU; in Group II was 21.1 ± 11.5 IU (P=0.424). One patient in Group I and two in Group II did not require insulin in the ICU (P=0.892).
Fig. 1 - Comparison of mean time in days, with a standard deviation of ICU stay and total hospitalization for patients in groups I and II
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Results of the excretory function of pancreatic beta cell (Homa-Beta) As for the Homa-Beta index (Figure 5) in both groups there was a progressive decline of the median values found
Feguri GR, et al. - Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):7-17
in the various phases measured (P<0.001), indicating decrease of the function of endogenous insulin-producing cell, with gradual return (rise of values) during recovery in the ICU, more precisely the values of IPO until 12h postoperatively. For the paired assessments of the HomaBeta index results between the groups, there were no significant differences (P>0.05).
deals with a subjective matter. The method of fasting abbreviation used was considered safe and there was no bronchoaspiration nor increased morbidity. Death, MI, stroke or mediastinitis did not occur in this study. Literature data on morbidity and mortality during hospitalization for patients with clinical features similar to this sample, who underwent elective CABG with CPB show frequency of occurrence between 1.4% to 3.8% for perioperative stroke, 27% to 40% occurrence of the AF; 1% to 2% for MI or in-hospital phase mediastinitis, in addition to overall mortality rate of 1% to 2% in patients with preserved LVEF [26]. Time in ICU and hospital stay was lower in group I (intervention) (P<0.05), from, in part, the tendency to lower use of inotropic dobutamine in patients in this group (P=0.057) during perioperative phase, as well as by the short time of use (weaning) of the drug in the ICU (P=0.034). This data indicates the benefit obtained with the abbreviation of fasting and CHO delivery. However, the assertion that there was a protective effect to the heart by less need for inotropic agents should be careful. The inference allows only indirect analysis of the finding, considering that perioperative ventricular performance depends on multiple clinical variables, LVEF and the associated surgery.
Fig. 3 - Box plot showing the results of blood glucose testing for patients in groups I and II, in the different periods collected for analysis. Pre-op = Preoperative; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; IPO = Immediate Postoperative
Fig. 5 - Comparison of the results of the median values of the Homa-Beta index for patients in groups I and II, in different periods. Pre-op = Preoperative; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; IPO = Immediate Postoperative Fig. 4 - Comparison of the results of the median values of HomaIR index to patients in groups I and II, in different periods. Preop= Preoperative; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; IPO = Immediate Postoperative
DISCUSSION The groups were homogeneous. Discomfort and thirst in the preoperative phase were reported by only three patients of all sampling. We considered this as satisfactory and relevant to the purpose of multimodal protocols, but it
Experimental models in rats undergone prolonged fasting or adequate nutrition before stress (hemorrhage induced hypotension and ischemia/reperfusion) were tested in order to establish possible improvements in cardiac function and obtained favorable results for rats previously fed. [27] Studies administering CHO in the preoperative phase of CVS, data on pure formulation or associated with intravenous lipids, or with concomitant infusion of a solution containing glucose-insulin-potassium, showed benefits on cardiac performance, decreased need for 13
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inotropes, incidence of AF and acute ventricular failure. [28-30]. Multimodal protocols belong to the reality of CVS, also being recommended in guideline for CABG [2-6,26]. De Vries et al. [6] compared 3760 patients who underwent CVS before implementation of a protocol checklist, with 3820 patients operated after implementation. The number of complications per 100 patients decreased from 27.3 (25.9 to 28.7, 95% CI) to 16.7 (15.6 to 17.9, 95% CI). The percentage of patients with complications decreased from 15.4% to 10.6% (P<0.001). In Brazil, reference centers in CVS have been concerned with the creation and deployment of multimodal protocols, with the proposition of risk scores for patients undergoing CABG and maintaining databases in order to assess the results and adoption of impact measures for improvements [2-5,31-34]. Atik et al. [5] showed that after adoption of the organizational model, there was a reduction in hospital mortality (from 12% to 3.6%, RR=0.3, P=0.003), as well as adverse events combined (22% to 15%, RR=0.68, P=0.011). As for the results of glucose, because only nondiabetic patients participated in this study, the median values found for blood glucose tests and blood were <200 mg/dl at all stages measured. The results of blood glucose between groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05). However, glycemic control for testing blood glucose in the initial 6h of the IPO was worse in Group II (P=0.012). This information is relevant and shows another beneficial effect obtained with the abbreviation of fasting and CHO delivery. Metabolic control in CVS is of fundamental importance for improvements in morbidity, reducing the exacerbation of neurological damage and specific mortality [35]. McAlister et al. [36] assessed the rates of glucose in the first postoperative day of CABG, showing 17% increase in adverse events (stroke, MI, arrhythmias, sepsis and death) for each 1 mmol/L (18 mg/dl) surplus 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dl) of glucose in blood samples. Furnay et al. [37] studied 4864 patients who underwent CVS, and perioperative hyperglycemia was associated with higher rates of mediastinitis, higher hospital costs and prolonged hospitalization. In a multicenter study, SzĂŠkely et al. [38] assessed the relationship between perioperative hyperglycemia and mortality in 5050 patients undergoing CABG. Mortality was higher in diabetic patients (4.2% versus 2.95%, P=0.02), however, this population was not associated with hyperglycemia mortality. However, in nondiabetic the glucose levels in the PO phase between 250 and 300 mg/dl (OR 2.56, 95% CI, 1.18 to 5.57, P=0.02), patients who had blood glucose 300 mg/dl or more (OR 2.74, 95% CI, 1.22 to 6.16, P=0.01) and intensive insulin therapy (OR 4.2, 95% CI, 1.12-3.70, P=0.01) were considered independent risk factors for hospital mortality. Several authors are emphatic in stating the treatment of
hyperglycemia with schemes of continuous infusion of insulin [36-38]. In recent years there has been growing interest in measuring the degree of IR in clinical practice, and the Homa method (Homeostatic model assessment) as one of the most used [25]. It is a mathematical model that predicts insulin sensitivity by measuring the blood glucose and insulin, it is easy to perform, low cost and requires short time to get the result, in addition to have validated relationship with follow-up and prognosis of cardiovascular disease [39,40]. The model has positive correlation with the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp method [41], considered the gold standard, however more difficult to reproduce, being costly and time consuming. From the Homa method are extracted the Homa-IR and Homa-Beta index, that aim to translate the insulin sensitivity and secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells. The Homa method is used and validated in several studies that discuss the IR, however, the value of the cutoff point for the index is still subject to controversy [42]. To define the cutoff point in the present study we use the Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes [43] being considered a criterion for IR, Homa-IR values >3.6 when occurring BMI >27.5 kg/m2 or simply Homa-IR >4.65. For the Homa-Beta index, there were no differences in the literature, and the values were considered normal when between 167-175 or 100% activity of pancreatic beta cells [38]. IR was observed in this study and differed little between groups, despite the intervention (P>0.05). The increase in IR occurred mainly after the end of CPB and during recovery in the ICU, with increasing values until 12h postoperatively. The Homa-Beta index measured in the groups showed a reduction in pancreatic beta cell function, seen from the preoperative values (P<0.001). This data denoted a decrease in endogenous production of insulin in the perioperative period, which may favor the loss of glycemic control. These changes are due to CPB use, hypothermia related to the technique, electrolyte abnormalities related to the potassium and increased secretion of adrenaline, which in turn are characteristic of this type of surgery and interfere with the function of the endocrine pancreas [44]. The use of CPB may worse IR; Lehot et al. [45] showed that during hypothermic CPB, blood glucose levels tend to increase, while insulin levels tend to decline. During rewarming, however, insulin levels have a strong fluctuation and may increase substantially, associated with increased catecholamines, cytokines, cortisol and GH. Therefore, there would be an interposition of factors associated with the trauma and the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory hormones could worsen the IR. Knapik et al. [46] showed that CPB increases blood glucose levels, and promote IR in diabetic and nondiabetic patients undergoing CABG. Part of the explanation of these findings comes from the systemic
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Feguri GR, et al. - Clinical and metabolic results of fasting abbreviation with carbohydrates in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and activation of the complement system [20]. The blood contact with nonbiocompatible surfaces of CPB, surgical trauma and reperfusion injury imposed by the method have been considered precise mechanisms for this event [47]. Contemporary evidence for improvement in metabolic control with CHO delivery preoperatively and abbreviation fasting is concise, even for highly complex procedures [48]. Breuer et al. [21] studied 188 patients who underwent CVS, being performed abbreviated fasting with CHO or placebo in two different groups and conventional fasting in another group. It was supplied with 800 ml drink the night before surgery and 200 ml 2h before induction of anesthesia. Need for exogenous insulin to maintain glucose levels <180 mg/ dl was used as a marker of IR and did not differ between groups (P>0.05). Comfort preoperatively and absense of thirst were better for groups on which fasting was abbreviated (P<0.01), there was no case of bronchoaspiration and the need for dobutamine was lower in the CHO group (P<0.05). Jarvela et al. [49] studied 101 patients, and fasting was abbreviated with 400 ml of CHOrich liquid, 2h before CABG or conventional fasting as a control. There was no difference between glucose levels, IR or need for exogenous insulin, but, unexpectedly, the group that received the intervention obtained higher rates of nausea, compared to controls (P=0.04). Therefore, it is clear that in the CVS, unlike some areas of general surgery, IR is present manifestation, unwieldy and sometimes exaggerated. Studies of abbreviation fasting and CHO supply should be performed to substantiate the findings of this study, as well as to examine possible protective effects to the heart, effects on IR and inflammatory responses arising from the use of CPB. A sample of 40 patients was considered a limiting factor, although sample size calculation was performed in this study for the application of appropriate statistical methodology. CONCLUSION Abbreviation of preoperative fasting in CHO delivery in CABG was safe and may be practiced. It improved glycemic control in the first six hours of recovery in the ICU, decreased hospital and ICU stay and provided less time for the use of dobutamine. However, neither IR nor morbimortality during hospital phase were influenced. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the teams of Nutrition and Anesthesia of Hospital Geral Universitário by the fundamental help in implementing the protocol. Also, I thank the Analysis Laboratory of the hospital and the entire ICU team.
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23. Melis GC, van Leeuwen PA, von Blomberg-van der Flier BM, Goedhart-Hiddinga AC, Uitdehaag BM, Strack van Schijndel RJ, et al. A carbohydrate-rich beverage prior to surgery prevents surgery-induced immunodepression: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(1):21-6.
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43. Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes 2009. [Internet]. 2009 [citado em 2011 Nov 4]; [154p.]. Disponível em: http://www.diabetes.org.br/ educação/docs/diretrizes.pdf 44. Westaby S. Organ dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. A systemic inflammatory reaction initiated by the extracorporeal circuit. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(2):89-95. 45. Lehot JJ, Piriz H, Villard J, Cohen R, Guidollet J. Glucose homeostasis. Comparison between hypothermic and normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Chest. 1992;102(1):106-11. 46. Knapik P, Nadziakiewicz P, Urbanska E, Saucha H, Herdynska M, Zembala M. Cardiopulmonary bypass increases postoperative glycemia and insulin consumption after coronary surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1859-65. 47. Ascione R, Lloyd CT, Underwood MJ, Lotto AA, Pitsis AA, Angelini GD. Inflammatory response after coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4):1198-204.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a randomized study Corticosteroides intravenosos no perioperatório reduzem a incidência de fibrilação atrial após cirurgia cardíaca: estudo randomizado
Monir Abbaszadeh1, Zahid Hussain Khan2, Fariborze Mehrani3, Hammid Jahanmehr4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120005 Abstract Objective: Corticosteroids decrease side effects after noncardiac elective surgery. A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study was plan to test the hypothesis that standard doses of dexamethasone (6X2) would decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) following cardiac surgery. Methods: A total of 185 patients undergoing coronary revascularization surgery were enrolled in this clinical study. The anesthetic management was standardized in all patients. Dexamethasone (6 mg/ml) or saline (1 ml) was administered after the induction of anesthesia and a second dose of the same study drug was given on the morning after surgery. The incidence of AF was determined by analyzing the first 72 hours of continuously recorded electrocardiogram records after cardiac surgery, to determine the incidence and severity of postoperative side effects. Results: The incidence of 48 hours postoperative AF was significantly lower in the Dexamethasone group (21/ 92[37.5%]) than in the placebo group (35/92 [62.5%], adjusted hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-3.95 (P<0.05). Compared with placebo, patients receiving hydrocortisone
1. Head of Anesthesia Technology Department at School of allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Professor & Director at Department of Anesthesiology& Intensive Care Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. School of allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. PhD in Hematology, Hematology Department, School of allied Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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RBCCV 44205-1346 did not have higher rates of superficial or deep wound infections, or other major complications. Conclusions: Prophylactic short-term dexamethasone administration in patients undergoing coronary artery bypasses grafting significantly reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation. Descriptors: Atrial fibrillation. Cardiac surgical procedures. Dexamethasone. Resumo Objetivo: Os efeitos colaterais dos corticosteroides diminuem após a cirurgia eletiva não cardíaca. Este estudo randomizado, duplo cego, placebo-controlado foi planejado para testar a hipótese de que as doses-padrão de dexametasona (6 X 2) diminuiriam a incidência de fibrilação atrial (FA) após cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Um total de 185 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização coronária foram incluídos neste estudo clínico. O manuseio anestésico foi padronizado em todos os pacientes. Dexametasona (6 mg/ml) ou salina (1 ml) foram
Work performed at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Correspondence address Monir Abbaszadeh Ghanavati Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E- mail: abbaszad@sina.tums.ac.ir Article received on November 27th, 2011 Article accepted on January 26th, 2012
Abbaszadeh M, et al. - Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a randomized study
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols AF BMI CABG CPB ECG ICU SD
atrial fibrillation body mass index coronary artery bypass grafting cardiopulmonary bypass electrocardiogram intensive care unit standard deviation
administradas após a indução da anestesia e uma segunda dose da mesma droga do estudo foi dada na manhã após a cirurgia. A incidência da FA foi determinada pela análise das primeiras 72 horas de registros de eletrocardiograma continuamente registrados após cirurgia cardíaca, para determinar a incidência e gravidade dos efeitos colaterais pós-operatórios.
INTRODUCTION Corticosteroids have a variety of beneficial effects on recovery after elective surgery [1-4]. The most common postoperative side effect after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is atrial fibrillation (AF) with a reported incidence of 20%-40% [5-9]. It is associated with increased morbidity, including increased risk of stroke and need for additional treatment, with prolonged hospital stay and increased costs [10-13]. In the previously mentioned study by Yared et al. [6] involving CABG patients at varying risks of developing AF, it was suggested that the administration of dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg intravenous) reduced the incidence of new onset AF during the first three postoperative days from 32% to 19%. A recent publication by Fillinger et al. [14] demonstrated beneficial effects of glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone) in suppressing the production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The pathophysiology of postoperative AF is not fully understood [15]. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation is known to be associated with a systemic inflammatory response [14], which may be in part responsible for postoperative AF. Complement, C- reactive protein complex levels, and number of white blood cells markers of inflammatory reaction are increased in patients who develop AF [16,17]. A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebocontrolled study was performed to test whether intravenous corticosteroid administration prevents AF after cardiac surgery. METHODS The study was approved by the regional ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. After
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Resultados: A incidência de FA pós-operatória em 48 horas foi significativamente menor no grupo de hidrocortisona (21/92 [37,5%]) do que no grupo placebo (35/92 [62,5%], hazard ratio ajustada, 2,07; intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,093,95 (P <0,05). Em comparação com placebo, os pacientes que receberam hidrocortisona não tiveram maiores taxas de infecções da ferida superficial ou profunda, ou outras complicações principais. Conclusões: A administração da dexametasona profilática de curto prazo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio reduziu significativamente no pós-operatório da FA no pós-operatório.
Descritores: Fibrilação atrial. Procedimentos cirúrgicos cardíacos. Dexametasona.
written, informed consent, 185 patients scheduled for elective CABG surgery were enrolled in this study. We excluded patients with previous episodes of AF or flutter, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, systemic bacterial or mycotic infection, active tuberculosis, Cushing syndrome, psychotic mental disorder, herpes simplex keratitis or renal insufficiency. We also excluded patients with a history of peptic ulcer or thrombophlebitis. The patients were randomly allocated to either a control (saline) or dexamethasone (12 mg intravenous). A block randomization scheme was used with 20 patients allocated to each block, to minimize the effects of any subtle changes in therapy during the course of the investigation. To maintain the double-blinded study design, the sealed envelope was opened immediately before surgery, and the study drug was prepared in identical appearing syringes by a nurse who did not participate in the treatment of the study patients. All patients received standard anesthesia. The first dose of the study medication (either dexamethasone 6 mg intravenous, or saline 1 ml intravenous) was administered after initiating maintenance of anesthesia. All patients underwent median sternotomy and the operations were performed using CBP. All patients were tracheally extubated in the intensive care unit (ICU) when they were judged to be hemodynamically stable with adequate spontaneous ventilator function. On the morning of the first postoperative day, the patients received a second dose of the same study medication (i.e., dexamethasone 6 mg intravenous, or saline 1 ml intravenous). The occurrence of AF during the postoperative period was assessed by reviewing the continuously recorded electrocardiogram (ECG) data during the first 72 hours after surgery. Episodes of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia were not included in the calculation of the 19
Abbaszadeh M, et al. - Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a randomized study
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relative incidences of AF. During the remainder of the hospital stay, the regularity of the patient’s heart rate was assessed at 2-hours intervals and ECG monitoring was reinstituted if the patient displayed signs of a dysrhythmia. We defined AF as an episode lasting longer than 5 minutes, regardless of whether it was asymptomatic or required therapy. The number of patients who experienced an episode of AF and the duration of AF were both recorded. The outcomes of this study were the incidences of new onset AF during the first 72 hours after surgery. Proportional data were presented as numbers or percentages in each group, whereas continuous data were presented as means ± SD. Statistical analysis consisted of a χ2 contingency analysis or Fisher’s exact test for discrete variables and unpaired T test for continuous variables. A value of P less than 0.05 was considered significant. A multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to identify significant independent predictors.
demographic characteristics and surgical factors (Table 1). In general, the groups were well- matched, although patients randomized to the Dexamethasone group tended to be male. Perioperative characteristics are shown in (Table 1). The mean of central anastomoses (2.9 ± 0.48 vs. 2.6 ± 0.63) significantly differ between the dexamethasone and control groups, respectively (Table 1). Postoperative recovery characteristic of the patient groups is shown in Table 2. There were 107 patients who had AF during the first 72 hours after cardiac surgery. Patients randomized to the dexamethasone group were significantly less likely to have AF than patients randomized to the placebo group (21/92 [37.5%] vs. 35/92 [62.5%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-3.95, (P<0.05) (Table 3). One patient in the dexamethasone group died during the study period as a result of gastrointestinal complications. There were nine postoperative infectious complications, five in dexamethasone group (two pneumonias, and three mediastinal wound infection) and four in the control group (one pneumonias, one urinary tract infection, and two mediastinal wound infection). Four in dexamethasone group and five in the control group developed postoperative myocardial infarction (Table 3). All 184 study patients were discharged from the ICU on the first postoperative day and from the hospital on the fifth or sixth postoperative day.
RESULTS One hundred eighty five patients were enrolled in this study over a period of 12 months. One was excluded from the efficacy analysis because of development of acute abdominal complications after surgery. The two study groups (n=92 in each) were comparable with respect to their
Table 1. Characteristic of the patient groups Characteristics Age, mean(SD),y Male sex BMI Surgery time(min) Cross- clamp time(min) Extracorporeal circulation(min) Peripheral anastomoses (n) Central anastomoses (n)
Placebo (n= 92) 59.14±10 63(48.8) 26.52±2.1 326.38±63 42.14±6.7 72.8±14.8 3.67±0.6 2.6±0.6
Dexamethasone (n= 92) 60.72± 8.7 66(51.2) 26.77±2.2 327±58 43.7±7.6 74.2±15.6 3.68±0.7 2.9±0.4
P Value 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.94 0.12 0.54 0.91 0.004*
BMI, body mass index (Kg/m2), Data is mean value ± SD, numbers (n), and percentages (%). *Significant different
Table 2. Postoperative recovery Characteristic of the Patient Groups Characteristics Time to tracheal extubation (min) Time to first oral intake(min) Postoperative bleeding (mL) Able to mobilized [%(n)] Postoperative day 1 Postoperative day2
Placebo (n= 92) 628±96 793±119 421±160
Dexamethasone (n= 92) 620±145 707±283 415±154
P Value 0.68 0.008* 0.76
38.9(14) 51.7(74)
61.1(22) 48.3(69)
0.54 0.28
Data are mean value ± SD, numbers (n), and percentages (%). *Significant different
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Abbaszadeh M, et al. - Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a randomized study
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Table 3. Postoperative side effects of the Patient Groups Characteristics AF during 24 hours after cardiac surgery[%(n)] AF(72 hours after cardiac surgery) [%(n)] Mortality (n) Myocardial infarction(n) Urinary tract infection(n) Pulmonary infection(n) Wound infection(n)
Placebo (n= 92) 62.5(35) 62.7(32) 1 6 1 1 2
Dexamethasone (n= 92) 37.5(21) 37.3(19) 0 4 0 2 3
P Value 0.025* 0.032* 0.31 0.51 0.31 0.56 0.65
Numbers (n) and percentages (%). *Significant different
DISCUSSION Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia occurring after cardiac surgery. Its incidence varies depending on type of surgery. Postoperative AF may cause hemodynamic deterioration, predispose to stroke and increase mortality. Effective treatment for prophylaxis of postoperative AF is vital as it reduces hospitalization and overall morbidity [18]; however, it is believed that the systemic inflammatory response to surgery may play a role in the development of AF [19]. Levels of C-reactive protein are elevated in patients with AF, and prior work has demonstrated that corticosteroids reduce these levels in nonoperative AF [17]. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory activity and reduce exaggerated inflammatory reaction [20]. Halonen et al. [19] observed that the concentration of C-reactive protein was significantly lower postoperatively in the hydrocortisone group than in the placebo group. The study by Dernellis & Panaretou [17] also found that corticosteroid therapy reduces both C-reactive protein values and the risk of recurrent and permanent AF in nonoperative patients. We reported the results of the first, to our knowledge, prospective, double-blind, randomized multicenter trial investigating the effects of corticosteroid treatment on the incidence of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery. We found that intravenous dexamethasone reduced the relative risk of postoperative AF by 37.5% compared with placebo in patients undergoing CABG surgery. The effects of corticosteroid treatment on postoperative AF have been addressed earlier in 2 randomized controlled trials with postoperative AF as the primary endpoint [5,2122]. Prasongsukarn et al. [21] studied 86 patients scheduled for CABG surgery who were administered 100 mg of methylprednisolone or placebo before surgery and 4 mg of dexamethasone or placebo every 6 hours for 24 hours after surgery. Postoperative incidence of AF was significantly lower (21%) in the corticosteroid group than in the placebo group (51%). Halvorsen et al. [5] administered 4 mg of dexamethasone or placebo after induction of anesthesia and on the first postoperative morning in 300 patients
undergoing CABG surgery. The incidence of postoperative AF was lower among patients randomized to the dexamethasone group vs. the placebo group (27% vs. 32%, respectively). Whereas in our study we administered 6 mg of dexamethasone or placebo after induction of anesthesia and on the first postoperative morning. In the study by Halonen et al. [19] corticosteroid medication was continued for 72 hours. There was a relatively low incidence of postoperative AF (32%) in the placebo group in the study by Halvorsen et al. [5] compared with the study by Halonen et al. [19] (48%) and our study (37.5%). Methylprednisolone was found to have a statistically significant inhibitory effect on the incidence of AF postoperatively [22]. The study by Yared et al. [6] enrolled 235 patients for CABG. The patients were administered a single dose of 0.6 mg/kg of dexamethasone or placebo after induction of anesthesia. Compared with the placebo group, the dexamethasone group had a lower incidence of postoperative AF (19% vs. 32%). Although the results of these studies are interesting, it is difficult to compare them with our study. Previous studies have found several predictors of AF after cardiac surgery [23]. To adjust for these confounding factors, we performed a multivariable analysis in which independent predictors such as age, sex; body mass index (BMI), cross-clamp time, surgery time, extracorporeal circulation, peripheral anastomoses, and central anastomoses were taken in to account. After adjustment for these factors, corticosteroid treatment remained a significant independent predictor of the absence of postoperative AF. Increased risk of wound infections and gastrointestinal bleeding (stress ulcer) can be a concern with a corticosteroid therapy [20]. We found administration of dexamethasone therapy feasible and well tolerated, and noted no serious complications associated with intravenous administration of the drug. In the study by Prasongsukarn et al. [21], no difference was found between the corticosteroid and placebo groups in major complications, but the corticosteroid groups had minor complications. In our study, there were no more complications in the Dexamethasone group than in the placebo group. 21
Abbaszadeh M, et al. - Perioperative intravenous corticosteroids reduce incidence of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a randomized study
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Our study can be criticized because it may have been underpowered to demonstrate significant differences in some of the other secondary outcome measures. This is an important limitation. Another important limitation of our trial is that we included only patients undergoing CABG surgery. The incidence of AF in both study groups (27%-32%) is consistent with the incidence of AF after CABG surgery at most medical centers in the United States [6]. In a recent study, the incidence of AF in the placebo group was 51% [21]. Although hydrocortisone was effective in reducing the incidence of AF, 37.5% of the patients who received corticosteroid treatment had postoperative AF. Further studies have reported that intravenous metoprolol [24], aminodarone [25], bi-atrial pacing [25], and magnesium [26] reduce the incidence of AF after CABG surgery. In conclusion, intravenous administration of corticosteroid therapy is feasible and well tolerated in the prevention of AF after cardiac surgery.
7. Toumpoulis IK, Anagnostopoulos CE, DeRose JJ, Swistel DG. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation predicts long-term survival in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25(1):51-8.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study has been funded and supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) under Grant no. 2068.
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8. Leitch JW, Thomson D, Baird DK, Harris PJ. The importance of age as a predic- tor of atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;100(3):338-42. 9. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation. 1996;94(3):390-7. 10. Almassi GH, Schowalter T, Nicolosi AC, Aggarwal A, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a major morbid event? Ann Surg. 1997;226(4):501-11. 11. Lahtinen J, Biancari F, Salmeta E, Mosorin M, Satta J, Rainio P, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a major cause of stroke after on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(4):1241-4. 12. Canale LS, Colafranceschi AS, Monteiro AJ, Marques BM, Canale CS, Koehler EC, et al. Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) using bipolar radiofrequency ablation during rheumatic mitral disease Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011:26(4);565-72. 13. Yuan SM, Sternik L. surgical of lone atrial fibrillation by mid sternotomy Maze procedure under standard cardiopulmonary bypass. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011: 26(4); 658-62 14. Fillinger MP, Rassias AJ, Guyre PM, Sanders JH, Beach M, Pahl J, et al. Glucocorticoid effects on the inflammatory and clinical responses to cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16(2):163-9. 15. Halonen J, Halonen P, J채rvinen O, Taskinen P Auvinen T, Tarkka M, et al. Corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;297(14):1562-7. 16. Hall RI, Smith MS, Rocker G. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: pathophysiological, therapeutic, and pharmacological considerations. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(4):766-82. 17. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(13):1100-7. 18. Koniari I, Apostolakis E, Rogkakou C, Baikoussis NG, Dougenis D. Pharmacologic prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;5:121. 19. Halonen J, Halonen P, Jarvinen O, et al. Perioperative intravenous Corticosteroids reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. JCOM. 2007;14:319-20.
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20. Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. The pharmacological Basis of therapeutics. 11thed. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2006.
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21. Prasongsukarn K, Abel JG, Jamieson WR, Cheung A, Russell JA, Walley KR, et al. The effect of steroids on the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypasses grafting surgery: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130(1):93-8. 22. Rubens FD, Nathan H, Labow R, Williams KS, Wozny D, Karsh J, et al. Effects of methylprednisolone and a biocompatible copolymer circuit on blood activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(2):655-65. 23. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after
24. Halonen J, Hakala T, Auvinen T, Karjalainen J, Turpeinen A, Uusaro A, et al. Intravenous administration of metoprolol is more effective than oral administration in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2006;114(1 Suppl):I1-4. 25. Crystal E, Connolly SJ, Sleik, Ginger TJ, Yusuf S. Interventions on prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2002;106(1):75-80. 26. Miller S, Crystal E, Garfinkle M, Lau C, Lashevsky I, Connolly SJ. Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Heart. 2005;91(5):618-23.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Video-assisted cardiac surgery: 6 years of experience Cirurgia cardíaca videoassistida: 6 anos de experiência
Jeronimo Antonio Fortunato Júnior1, Marcelo Luiz Pereira2, André Luiz M. Martins2, Daniele de Souza C. Pereira3, Maria Evangelista Paz4, Luciana Paludo5, Alcides Branco Filho6, Branka Milosewich7
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120006
RBCCV 44205-1347
Abstract Introduction: Minimally invasive and video-assisted cardiac surgery (VACS) has increased in popularity over the past 15 years. The small incisions have been associated with a good aesthetic effect and less surgical trauma, therefore less postoperative pain and rapid recovery. Objectives: To present our series with VACS, after 6 years of use of the method. Methods: 136 patients underwent VACS, after written consent, between September 2005 and October 2011, 50% for men and age of 47.8 ± 15, 4anos, divided into two groups: with cardiopulmonary (CEC) (GcCEC=105 patients): mitral valve disease (47/105), aortic disease (39/105), congenital heart disease (19/105) and without extracorporeal circulation (CEC) (GsCEC=31 patients): cardiac resynchronization (18/ 31), cardiac tumor (4/31) and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (6/31). GcCEC was held in right minithoracotomy (3 to 5 cm) and femoral access to perform cannulation. Results: In GcCEC, mean length of ICU stay and hospital stay were respectively 2.4 ± 4.5 days and 5.0 ± 6.8 days. Twelve patients presented complications in post-operative
and five (4.8%) death. Ninety-three (88.6%) patients evolved uneventful, were extubated in operating room, and remained a mean of 1.8 ± 0.9 days in ICU and 3.6±1.3 days in the hospital. In GsCEC, were mean 1.3 ± 0.7 days in ICU and 2.9 ± 1.4 days in hospital and without complications or deaths. Conclusion: The results found in this series are comparable to those of world literature and confirm the method as an option the conventional technique.
1 – Cardiovascular Surgeon; Head of the Cardiac Surgery Service at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Master’s Degree in Surgical Clinics, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 2 – Cardiovascular Surgeon; Member of the cardiac surgery team at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 3- Cardiologist; Member of the cardiac surgery team at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 4- Surgical Instrumentist; Member of the cardiac surgery team at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 5- Anesthesiologist; Member of the cardiac surgery team at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 6- General surgery; Specialist in videolaparoscopy at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
7- Head of the Intensive Therapy at Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Descriptors: Heart valves/cirurgia. Video-assisted surgery. Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted.
Resumo Introdução: A cirurgia cardíaca minimamente invasiva e videoassistida (CCVA) tem aumentado em popularidade nos últimos 15 anos. As pequenas incisões têm sido associadas a um bom efeito estético e menor trauma cirúrgico, consequentemente, menor dor e rápida recuperação pósoperatória. Objetivos: Apresentar nossa casuística com CCVA, após 6 anos de uso do método.
This study was carried out Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Filial do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Correspondence address: Jeronimo Fortunato Júnior Rua Amaury Gabriel Grassi Matei, 50 – Santo Inácio – Curitiba, PR, Brasil – CEP 82010-960. E-mail: jfjunior@uol.com.br Article received on October 19th, 2011 Article accepted on January 9 th, 2012
Fortunato Júnior JA, et al. - Video-assisted cardiac surgery: 6 years of experience
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols VA C S CPB DH DICU GcCPB GsCEC ICU TEE
video-assisted cardiac surgery Cardiopulmonar bypass days in hospital Days in ICU Group with CPB Group without CPB Intensive care unit Transesophageal echocardiography
Métodos: Cento e trinta e seis pacientes foram submetidos à CCVA, após consentimento escrito, entre setembro de 2005 e outubro de 2011, sendo 50% do sexo masculino, com idade de 47,8 ± 15,4 anos, divididos em dois grupos: com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) (GcCEC=105 pacientes): valvopatia mitral (47/105), valvopatia aórtica (39/105) e cardiopatia congênita (19/105) e sem CEC (GsCEC=31 pacientes):
INTRODUCTION The minimally invasive cardiac surgery has increased in popularity over the past 15 years. The small incisions have been associated with a good cosmetic result and less surgical trauma, less pain and consequently rapid postoperative recovery. For some time, even these arguments do not attract the attention of the physician population. With the wider dissemination of technical and better results in recent reports, this concept has been changing. The benefits of smaller incisions are sustained mainly that the reduction in hospital costs, without prejudice to the results already achieved with median sternotomy [1-3]. Incorporating the minimally invasive techniques, even in recent years, endovascular procedures took popularity. In these examples, are included the aortic stents, devices for occlusion of congenital clefts (Amplatzers) and transcatheter aortic valve implants [4-8]. Still, the median sternotomy is still the traditional approach for surgical treatment of heart disease because it allows excellent control of all cardiac structures, asserting itself as a safe technique with low morbidity. All surgical options have recently shown that incorporated technological developments allied to medicine has great scientific value, and despite the good results achieved with conventional procedures, they should not be ignored [9]. The aim of this study was to try to gather all the cases
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ressincronização cardíaca (18/31), tumor cardíaco (4/31) e revascularização miocárdica minimamente invasiva (6/31). No GcCEC, foi realizada minitoracotomia direita (3 a 5 cm) e acesso femoral para canulação periférica. Resultados: No GcCEC, a média de dias em UTI (DUTI) e de internação hospitalar (DH) foi, respectivamente, 2,4 ± 4,5 dias e 5,0 ± 6,8 dias. Doze pacientes apresentaram complicações no pós-operatório e cinco (4,8%) foram a óbito. Noventa e três (88,6%) pacientes evoluíram sem intercorrências, foram extubados no centro cirúrgico, permanecendo 1,8 ± 0,9 DUTI e 3,6 ± 1,3 DH. No GsCEC, foram 1,3 ± 0,7 DUTI e 2,9 ± 1,4 DH, sem intercorrências ou óbitos. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados nesta casuística são comparáveis aos da literatura mundial e confirmam o método como opção à técnica convencional. Descritores: Valvas cardíacas/cirurgia. Cirurgia vídeoassistida. Cirurgia torácica vídeo-assistida.
who underwent cardiac surgery at our institution with minimally invasive and video-assisted (VA) interventions and disseminate the results of in-hospital period. METHODS One hundred and thirty-six patients underwent VACS, between September 2005 and October 2011, after informed about the alternative procedure and signed written informed consent. Sixty-eight (50%) patients were male and mean age was 47.8 ± 15.4 years. In this series, with the intention of enabling better homogenization of the disease, patients were divided into two groups: those with cardiopulmonary bypass (GcCPB) and without use of CPB (GsCPB). One hundred and five patients underwent cardiac surgery with CPB and cardiotomy and the remaining 31 patients underwent procedures on the peropheral area of the heart, without cardiotomy. On GcCPB group, 35% of patients had mitral valve disease, 29% aortic and 14% congenital heart disease. In group GsCPB, 18 (13%) patients had dilated cardiomyopathy and underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy, three patients underwent correction of coronary-pulmonary fistula by thoracoscopy (without CPB), four patients underwent endoscopic resection of tumor involving the heart (3%) and six underwent minimally invasive CABG with dissection of left internal mammary artery via thoracoscopy (4%). All clinical characteristics of patients in this sample were included in Table 1. 25
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Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing primary VACS distributed by pathology and given their numbers and percentages of presentation. (M=mean, sd=standard deviation, n = number,% = percentage, EF = ejection fraction) All
Number Age (m + dp) Age>65 years Male Female (NYHA) Functional Class I II III IV Comorbities Hypertension (HAS) Diabetes mellitus (DM) Atrial fibrillation (FA) EF<56% Prior reopeartion Endocarditis Emergency surgery Primary pathology Failure Stenosis Rheumatic Degenerative Congenital Pulmonary coronary fistula
n % 136 100% 47.8 15.4 23 17% 68 50% 68 50%
Mitral
Congenital
TRV
n 47 46.5 9 16 29
% 35% 13.7 19% 34% 62%
n 39 54.4 9 26 9
% 29% 13.7 23% 67% 23%
n 22 29.6 0 5 17
% 16% 14.7 0% 23% 77%
n 18 57.2 4 12 6
% 13% 9.4 22% 67% 33%
Cardiac tumor % n 4 3% 37.3 11.5 0% 0 2 50% 50% 2
CABG n % 6 4% 57.8 8.7 1 17% 4 67% 33% 2
15 66 44 11
11% 49% 32% 8%
7 19 18 3
15% 40% 38% 6%
1 24 14 0
3% 62% 36% 0%
4 12 6 0
18% 55% 27% 0%
0 0 10 8
0% 0% 56% 44%
0 4 0 0
0% 100% 0% 0%
0 3 3 0
0% 50% 50% 0%
63 20 25 33 4 3 4
46% 15% 18% 24% 3% 2% 3%
18 3 16 5 4 3 4
38% 6% 34% 11% 9% 6% 9%
27 4 3 8 0 0 0
69% 10% 8% 21% 0% 0% 0%
7 4 1 0 0 0 0
32% 18% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0%
6 33% 7 39% 6 33% 1 8 100% 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
5 2 0 3 0 0 0
83% 33% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0%
52 32 54 25 27 3
38% 24% 40% 18% 20% 2%
35 12 33 14 0 0
74% 26% 70% 30% 0% 0%
19 20 25 9 5 0
49% 51% 64% 23% 13% 0%
0 0 0 0 22 3
0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 14%
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0 0 0 0 0 0
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Echocardiographic, peripheral vascular doppler, abdominal aorta and carotid arteries assessments were performed in all patients who required peripheral CPB. Coronary angiography was performed in patients with cardiovascular risk compatible with the possibility of coronary disease. We excluded from this study patients with concomitantly moderate to severe aortic insufficiency indicated for mitral valve surgery, severe peripheral vascular disease requiring peripheral CPB, previous thoracic surgery on the same side of the surgical procedure, concomitant surgical coronary artery disease or who opt for the median sternotomy. In other cases, the first option was always the VACS. In Group GcCPB was performed right minithoracotomy (3-5 cm), on the 3rd or 4th right intercostal space, according to the atrioventricular or aortic disease involved and peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass, performed by the femoral vessels (port-access technology) [10.11 ]. Left thoracoscopy was performed in cases of cardiac resynchronization therapy, CABG, or that required the same surgical approach. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used in 26
Aortic
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
all patients from GcCPB both for introduction of the arterial and venous cannulas, and for monitoring and confirmation of the surgical, valvular or congenital outcome. The instruments used involved a thoracoscope with a diameter of 5 or 10 mm according to the need for visual field and lens angle of 30 degrees. The instrumental (ESTECH ® Inc., California, USA) specifically designed for cardiac surgery, included: atrial retractors, scissors, knot pushers, aortic clamp, needle holder and needle holder. Other instruments such as forceps, electrocautery, video cameras and light source were the same used in conventional laparoscopy. In cases in which CPB was used, were used: a CO2 insufflator to replace the air, and a negative pressure manometer for venous vacuum drainage. The kits for femoral, arterial and venous cannulation, designed for peripheral CPB, were used in all these cases (DLP ®, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, USA). Step-by-step of surgical technique in cases of VACS with peripheral CPB 1. At least two peripheral accesses of good caliber were used to induce anesthesia;
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2. Endotracheal intubation was performed using Carlens® or Portecs® cannulas to occlusion of the right lung during surgery; 3. After insertion of the cannula, the team has ensured the effective right unilateral occlusion and maintenance of oxygenation with a single lung; 4. It was required cannulation of both radial arteries with the aid of aortic endoclamp, allowing monitoring of endoclamping, so it does not migrate and occlude the great vessels. In cases of transthoracic aortic clamping, a radial artery was sufficient; 5. Central vessel, subclavian or jugular vein puncture for drug infusion and central venous pressure monitoring. It was always preferable the puncture of the right side, because an undiagnosed complication as pneumothorax on the left side can be very serious and to prevent occlusion of the right lung; 6. Adhesive transthoracic defibrillation paddles were placed in the left thoracic region, anterior and posterior; 7. In cases with CPB, the right hemithorax and the femoral vessels were exposed by surgical fields. A pad slightly elevated the right hemithorax, so the midaxillary line would be exposed (Figure 1); 8. CPB was mounted in a conventional manner, vacuum system was tested with the aid of a negative pressure gauge
connected to the venous reservoir of the oxygenator. This test was performed during filling of the circuit and removal of bubbles. Variations of 40-100 mmHg were used to allow adequate venous drainage; 9. After choosing the method of peripheral access, the femoral vessels were dissected and punctured, before heparinization (Figure 1). The CPB tubes directed to the operative field, positioned in the lower limbs; 10. The thoracic incision was initiated, after setting the best place to access. This ‘’incision is performed in skin and subcutaneous tissue. In women, it was preconized to anticipate with a marking pen, the inframammary incision site that is diverted from the recumbent for introduction of the trocar, initially used by the video camera to assist the optimal intercostal incision. The same trocar was used to place the left atrial vacuum and, at the end of surgery, of the chest tube; 11. Thus, the pericardium was dissected and phrenic nerve was identified. The pericardium was opened, before the nerve from the inferior vena cava to the aorta, near the sternal notch. In case of access to the aortic valve, the pericardium was incised higher, going down only until the view of the right atrium. Points of exposure were used to keep the pericardium open and pulled the chest wall; 12. After full heparinization, cannulation was performed of the femoral vessels, primarily the femoral vein, introducing a rigid metal guide wire, progressing to the right atrium, confirmed by TEE. Dilators were sequentially inserted to dilate the vessel until the cannula with occlusive dilator was introduced to the right atrium, again it was necessary to ensure its position with TEE. After the venous cannula positioned, this was fixed in the skin and connected to the venous CPB tubing. The same procedure was followed with the arterial cannulation, only that in this case, the progression of the cannula followed until its maximum length, in the abdominal aorta. This was connected to the arterial segment in the CPB tube, the permeability and pulse were tested; 13. In cases of right atriotomy (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect or mitral valve surgery by transseptal access), a double-stage cannula No. 22F (ESTECH ®) was introduced through the femoral vein with the aid of TEE, to its placement in the superior vena cava, followed by ligation of both venae cavae. In many cases, we used the double cannulation, superior vena cava with cannula No. 16F or 17F and inferior vena cava No. 21F, both DLP®. The option of double cannulation was always preferred, because the double-stage cannula, in some situations, due to its presence on the surgical field hinders the visualization of cardiac injury; 14. A 2cm incision was performed in the second intercostal space with anterior axillary line, for placing of the transthoracic clamp Chitwood® (Figure 2);
Fig. 1 – Surgical position and peripheral accesses. Above: a supine position with slight elevation of the right hemithorax and exposure of the femoral vessels. Left: Minimum Dissection of the left femoral artery (iris retractor) to insert the cannula. Right: femoral puncture for percutaneous passage of the femoral venous cannula
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protamine by continuous infusion was initiated. Before completion of the reversal of heparin, the venous cannula was removed. Considering that the inroduction was usually percutaneous, only local compression was performed; 22. After reversed anticoagulation, a 4-0 prolene purse was made in the artery around the femoral cannula for occlusion after its removal; 23. Finished all sutures, the anesthesia was superficialized and, where possible, the patient was extubated in the operating room. RESULTS Fig. 2 - Panoramic view of mitral valve surgery. One should note the double cannulation with the inclusion of a cannula in the jugular vein. Thoracoscope fixed by arm and long instrumental penetrating through minimal incision
15. At this time, CPB was initiated. The need for higher or lower drainage was driven by the surgeon, who requested variations in vacuum pressure; 16. Before transthoracic clamping, it was made a purse in the aortic root to the introduction of cardioplegia cannula, which was used after the procedure also to remove air from the left cavities. This same cannula was removed always in CPB with low flow in order to minimize the risk of aortic dissection; 17. Hypothermic blood cardioplegia 4/1 was performed every 15 minutes and the CPB maintained between 28 and 30 degrees. In cases where it is used HTK solution (Custodiol ®), only one infusion was performed in the aortic root to perform the whole procedure, in case of aortic failure, the infusion into the coronary ostia was performed [12]; 18. At that time, the heart cavity was opened, left atriotomy, septostomy, right atriotomy or aortotomy according the heart disease. Points of exposure were used for aorta and right atrium and left atrial retractor (ESTECH ®), in mitral disease; 19. After completing the main surgical time, we tried to be very careful for maximum removal of air from the cardiac cavities, also guided by TEE. The first step was to accomplish the full Trendelenburg position. In aortic diseases, the cardioplegia cannula, attached to the aortic root, was enough to aspirate all the residual air in the left ventricle. For the mitral valve, a “vent” of the left ventricle was placed through the valve, keeping it insufficient. At this time, TEE confirmed the complete elimination of air cavities of the heart, before the end of CPB. Periods of interruption of CPB with constant aspiration of the aortic root helped deaeration; 20. A chest drain was enough to drain, placed in the inferior incision initially used for suction of the left atrium. 21. After review of hemostasis, administration of 28
One hundred and thirty-six patients underwent VACS. Thirty-one patients were not operated on using CPB (GsCPB), and 105, CPB and cardiotomy were used (GcCPB), and surgical procedures in this group are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Surgical technique used in patients undergoing VACS with CPB. GcCPB Total Mitral Valvuloplasty Valve replacement Metallic prosthesis Bioprosthesis Tricuspid valve Transseptal access Exclusion of the left atrium Ablation of pulmonary veins Aortic Valve replacement Metallic prosthesis Bioprosthesis Ministernotomy Congenital Primary septoplasty Septoplasty with pericardial patch (IVC) Reconstruction of the atrial septum
N 105 47 39 8 7 1 6 32 16 10 39 39 33 6 9 19 14 3 2
% 100.0% 44.8% 83.0% 17.0% 14.9% 2.1% 12.8% 68.1% 34.0% 21.3% 37.1% 100.0% 84.6% 15.4% 23.1% 18.1% 73.7% 15.8% 10.5%
IVC = interventricular communication
On-pump group (GcCPB) Most patients (101/105) underwent transthoracic clamping using Chitwood® clamp (ESTECH Inc., California, USA). In four cases, all underwent mitral reoperation, we used alternatives to transthoracic clamping, three patients underwent moderate hypothermia for cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation and one patient underwent endoclamping with aortic cannula ESTECH®. The first series of 61 patients receiving cold blood cardioplegia 4/1, intermittently, in the aortic root every 15 minutes, in cases of severe aortic regurgitation, the coronary ostia were used for selective infusion. In the last 37 patients we used a
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single infusion of Custodiol® solution in the aortic root or coronary ostia, as the disease involved. We opted for this solution due to the convenience of a single dose and its good response on ventricular function [12].
patient with atrial septal defects and atrial fibrillation also underwent ablation of pulmonary veins and right atrium (Full Maze). Tricuspid valve with annular reduction was performed concurrently with the treatment of mitral valve in six patients. In the last 32 (68.1%) patients, we opted for transseptal access for treatment of mitral valve, as we noted better results than the transatrial access performed in the first patients. One patient in the group of mitral valve disease underwent aortic and mitral replacement, due to significant aortic regurgitation, underestimated by echocardiography and that made it difficult to antegrade cardioplegia, being performed in the coronary ostia after the aortotomy. Three patients underwent surgery due to mitral valve endocarditis, two cases in a state elective and one urgent case for acute mitral regurgitation and embolic stroke. In patients with mitral valve disease or congenital heart disease, we performed right minithoracotomy of 3-5 cm in the fourth left intercostal space, in these cases we chose the inframammary or periareolar access, as the anatomical possibility and physical constitution [13,14] (Figure 3).
Mitral valve disease Forty-seven patients received mitral valve surgery and there were performed eight (17%) valve replacement, 39 (83%) plasties, 10 (21.3%) modified Maze surgery and six (12.8%) tricuspid valve plasties. In valve replacement were used metallic prostheses (St Jude Medical System®) and were included patients with mitral lesion, with a predominance of severe stenosis. In the remaining 39 patients, a mitral valve repair was possible, and included commissurotomy and papillotomy, in cases of pure stenosis and implantation of Gregori’s ring®, commissurotomy, quadrangular resection of posterior leaflet and/or transposition of chordae in cases of predominant mitral regurgitation. Radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary veins and exclusion of the left atrium (modified Maze) was performed in cases of atrial fibrillation associated. One
Fig. 3 - Options for surgical incisions to access the mitral valve. From left to right: inframammary, periareolar, transareolar
Fig. 4 - Options for surgical incisions to access the aortic valve. From left to right: exposure of the second intercostal with anterior axillary line and thoracoscopic trocar. Anterolateral right thoracic incision, high midline incision for superior hemisternotomy
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Aortic valve disease In 39 cases with aortic disease, valve replacement was performed in all patients. We decided 33 cases by the implantation of metal prosthesis (St. Jude Medical ® System). Six patients aged over 70 years underwent implantation of a bioprosthesis (Braile Biomedica ®). Upper inverted L ministernotomy was performed in nine patients, because they had important valvular calcification and dilatation of the ascending aorta. In other cases (76.9%, 30/ 39), we performed right anterolateral minithoracotomy through the second or third intercostal space (Figure 4).
using three-dimensional echocardiography (echocardiography IE-33, Philips Medical System). In all cases, the resynchronization was effective and without complications [15].
Congenital heart disease Nineteen patients had congenital heart disease, 16 had interatrial communication, of these 14 were treated with primary raffia. The inclusion of bovine pericardium was performed in only two cases, it was found complete absence of the atrial septum. Three patients had perimembranous ventricular septal defect which was closed with bovine pericardium for access through the right atrium by crossing the tricuspid valve, in these patients two presented associated interatrial communication and were corrected by primary suture. Off-pump group (GsCEC) Ventricular Resynchronization Therapy Eighteen patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, refractory heart failure and severe ventricular dyssynchrony underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy. In such cases, in one was implanted biventricular resynchronization. Implantation of epicardial left ventricle was performed through left thoracoscopy. The preoperative orientation of the ideal position of the epicardial electrode and the postoperative control of resynchronization was performed
Coronary-pulmonary fistula Three patients not included in the GcCEC group had coronary-pulmonary fistula treated with ligation through thoracoscopy and metallic devices [16]. Cardiac tumor Resection of extracardiac tumor (lipoma) attached to the left atrium was performed in two cases, one with 1 kg of weight. A case of neurohemangiolipoma adhered to the pericardium and epicardium was also resected via thoracoscopy. The fourth patient had myasthenia gravis and thymoma, which was attached to the vessels and was also resected by thoracoscopy without thoracotomy. CABG Six patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting for anterior descending coronary artery and implantation of left internal mammary artery. The surgical procedure was performed in the first time with thoracoscopy and thoracic artery dissection. Then minithoracotomy was performed in 4 th left intercostal space, with inframammary incision for the coronary implant. In all cases, was used intracoronary conduit without cardiopulmonary bypass. No patient had complications and all patients were discharged early. Surgical and postoperative complications The operative times and postoperative complications have been described in cases on which CPB was used associated with smaller incisions and are listed in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Operative and postoperative times in patients undergoing VACS with CPB. Total and divided by the primary disease. (M=mean, sd=standard deviation, n=number, % = percentage, PO=postoperative) All Mean/N %/sd Numver (n/%) 105 100% CPB/min. 134.1 58.8 Aortic clampiong/min. 82.2 39.6 Surgical room/min. 274.5 58.8 Extubation in the operating room 9 5 90.5% Time of ICU/days 2.4 4.5 PO hospital stay/days 5.0 6.8
30
Mitral Mean/N %/sd 47 44.8% 147 55.3 91.9 42.3 290 60.7 41 87.2% 3 6.5 5.6 8.8
Aortic Congenital Heart Disease Mean/N %/sd Mean/N %/sd 39 37.1% 19 18.1% 143.7 59.2 85.1 37.5 87.8 30.9 45.5 27.5 272.4 61.3 237.2 33.3 36 92.3% 18 95% 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.5 5.5 5.4 2.6 0.8
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Table 4. Operative and postoperative complications in patients undergoing VACS with CPB. Total and divided by the primary disease. (M=mean, sd=standard deviation, n=number, %=percentage, stroke) All Total (n/%) Mean/N %/sd Complications and deaths 105 100% Stroke 12 11.4% Peripheral vascular injury 3 2.9% Dissection of the atrioventricular 1 0.95% groove 1 0.95% Aortic dissection 3 2.9% Pulmonary hemorrhage 2 1.9% Chest drain/ml 523.58 560.2 Blood products/units 0.98 1.47 Interventions Conversion to sternotomy 3 2.9% Reoperation for bleeding 5 4.8% Death 5 4.8%
Table 5.
Mitral Mean/N %/sd 47 44.8% 5 10.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 2.1% 0 0.0% 2 4.3% 497.8 457.6 1.04 1.53 1 2 3
2.1% 4.3% 6.4%
Aortic Congenital Heart Disease Mean/N %/sd Mean/N %/sd 39 37.1% 19 18.1% 6 15.4% 1 5.3% 3 7.7% 0 0.0% 1 2.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3 7.7% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 605.13 679.47 428.57 524.54 1.13 1.56 0.57 1.08 2 2 2
5.1% 5.1% 5.1%
0 1 0
0.0% 5.3% 0.0%
Comparison of patients with and without in-hospital complications from GcCPB group, including preoperative clinical data and peri- and postoperative occurrences (m=mean, sd=standard deviation, n=number,%=percentage, EF = ejection fraction, min=minutes, PO=postoperative ag=age, AF=atrial fibrillation, ASH = hypertension, CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass, DM=diabetes mellitus)
Number M F Ag I II III IV Ag >65 years EF<56% ASH DM AF Mitral Aortic Congenital Thoracic drain Units/blood CPB/min Aortic clamping/min Surgical room/min Extubation in surgical room/min Time of ICU/days PO hospital stay/days Death
All Mean/N 105 50 55 46.0 21 38 41 5 18 13 51 13 19 47 39 19 523.6 0.98 134.1 82.2 274.5 95 2.4 5.0 5
SD/% 100% 48% 52% 16.40 20% 36% 39% 5% 17% 12% 49% 62% 18% 261% 37% 18% 560.2 1.47 58.8 39.6 58.8 90.5% 4.5 6.8 4.8%
The average surgical time was 274.8 ± 58.8 min in the operating room, 134.1 ± 58.8 min of CPB and 82.2 ± 9.6 3 min of aortic clamping. The total time of hospitalization accounted for 2.4 ± 4.5 days in ICU and 5.0 ± 6.8 days of postoperative hospital stay. The average total bleeding measured by chest drains in the postoperative, was 523.5 ±
With complications SD/% Mean/N 11.4% 12 58.3% 7 41.7% 5 13.2 56.8 0.0% 0 8.3% 1 66.7% 8 25.0% 3 33.3% 4 50.0% 6 66.7% 8 8.3% 1 33.3% 4 5 41.7% 58.3% 7 0.0% 0 966.40 1480.0 1.50 3.8 215.2 68.7 42.7 129.3 365 65 50.0% 6 6.5 3 8.8 5.6 41.7% 5
Without complications SD/% Mean/N 88.6% 93 46.2% 43 53.8% 50 15.9 44.7 22.6% 21 39.8% 37 35.5% 33 2.2% 2 15.1% 14 7.5% 7 46.2% 43 12.9% 12 16.1% 15 45.2% 42 32 34.4% 20.4% 19 438.20 403.70 1.10 0.70 48.2 122.8 35.6 76.7 46.6 261.6 91 97.8% 0.9 1.8 3.6 1.3 0.0% 0
560.2 ml and replacement of blood products was 0.98 ± 1.47 units of packed red cells per patient. Twelve (11.4%) patients presented postoperative complications: three patients developed ischemic stroke, of these, two transient with full recovery between 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. One case remained after hospital 31
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discharge with monoplegia and dyslalia. One patient had peripheral vascular complications at the site of arterial cannulation with thrombosis, which required embolectomy and raffia with a bovine pericardial patch at the second day after surgery. These complications occurred only in cases of aortic valve replacement in patients with severe stenosis and calcification of annulus and leaflets. One patient underwent reoperation for mitral stenosis, pulmonary hemorrhage on the fourth postoperative day, after discharge from the ICU and was managed, again in the ICU, with mechanical ventilation. Another patient had pulmonary hemorrhage on discharge from the operating room, probably secondary to complications of selective cannulation, which occurred at 3rd postoperative day. Five (4.8%) patients underwent reoperation for bleeding, all through smaller incisions, only with the help of videoendoscopy. Five patients, all of the group GcCPB, died (4.8% or 5/ 105). A patient with chronic renal failure on dialysis, recent embolic stroke and diagnosis of mitral valve endocarditis, underwent urgent valve replacement and death occurred in the immediate postoperative period, for excessive bleeding, consumptive coagulopathy and irreversible cardiogenic shock. A second patient had mitral-aortic valve and mitral regurgitation, receiving double valve replacement and tricuspid valve surgery, but died on the fifth day postoperatively, for progressive and refractory cardiogenic shock. The third patient with prior prosthesis dysfunction underwent reoperation for mitral valve, had excessive bleeding, even during surgery when was diagnosed with atrioventricular groove rupture, and death, despite the attempt to correct the complication. Three patients with severe aortic stenosis and very calcified presented aortic dissection and all underwent replacement of the ascending aorta. Two patients died, due to mixed shock and bleeding, one on day 1 and the second on the 5th postoperative day. Three of these cases were converted to median sternotomy for correction of postoperative complications accounted for 2.9% of cases from GcCPB. Ninety-three of 105 operated patients (88.6%) had complications that could alter their postoperative course and obtained 122.8 ± 8.2 4 min of CPB and 76.7 ± 35.6 min of aortic clamping, 97.8% (91/93) were extubated in the operating room. The average number of days in the intensive care unit and total hospitalization days were, respectively: 1.8 ± 0.9 days and 3.6 ± 1.3 days. All data relating patients with and without complications, are described in Table 5.
performed the first thoracoscopy inserting a cystoscope into the pleural cavity [17]. Several operations were devised by the author through thoracoscopy, and the operation known by his name, used to treat tuberculosis. The first considered minimally invasive cardiac procedures came with coronary artery bypass surgery without CPB, since when neutralizing the allegedly deleterious effects of extracorporeal perfusion, it would minimize the peroperative complications. Ankeny [18] and Kolessov [19] and Buffolo et al. [20-22], in Brazil, presented their reports in international proceedings. Lobo Filho et al. [23] in 1996 showed 97% of CABG in the last phase of his report. The concept of minimally invasive minimal incision surgery in the heart has also occurred in the mid nineties. In the beginning, were introduced the smaller incisions to access the mitral and aortic valves and coronary arteries, such as upper or lower hemisternotomies with transection of the sternum and the lateral thoracotomy [24,25], or even left thoracotomy for revascularization of single anterior descending artery, and right thoracotomy to access the mitral valve or the right coronary artery. The right anterolateral thoracotomy had been used in the past with preference in mitral disease, but was discontinued from the best results with thoracotomy or median sternotomy [26-28]. Except for CABG, cardiac surgery with minimal incisions, especially in the aortic valve, was once considered an impediment, given the high mortality rate when compared to conventional surgery. Bridgewater et al. [29] showed 43% mortality in minimally invasive surgery compared to 7% in the conventional surgery to treat aortic valve. Even when other centers showed more encouraging results, it still does not attract the attention of cardiac surgeons in the world [30]. Also in recent years, using alternative approaches, it was implemented the percutaneous or transapical of aortic valve implants and endovascular devices, such as aortic endoprosthesis and rings for annular reduction for mitral valve and devices for occlusion of congenital atrioventricular defects [4-6, 8]. Currently, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has shown better results with the help of videoendoscopy, allowing even the greatest advances of robotics in medicine. In addition to the video equipment targeted for cardiac surgery, minimally invasive surgery was implemented after the inclusion of extrathoracic access and, in recent years, the so-called “port-access technology”, ie, technology for peripheral vascular access and aortic endoclamping [ 10.31]. Since 1995, multicenter studies are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this new method. Galloway et al. [11] in 1999, gathered data from 121 centers, and included 1063 patients who underwent minimally invasive technique, with similar results to conventional surgery, with the
DISCUSSION The endoscopic visualization of the pleural cavity is relatively an old technique. Earlier this century, Jacobaeus 32
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advantage of less aggression, pain and blood transfusion, and hospital discharge and return to normal activities much earlier. In 2009, the same Dr. Galloway reported his data from a decade of experience with the method [2]. Also Grossi et al. [32] and Greco et al. [33] in 2002 and Mishra et al. [34] in 2005, reported highly favorable experience of videoassisted technique. In the experiments reported, many centers using the technological sophistication of robotics demonstrated their experience and, despite the high investment, crowned the minimally invasive methods due to the low mortality, less ICU stay, and earlier hospital discharge [35,36]. In Brazil, Jatene et al., in 1997, Souto et al., in 2000 and Salerno et al., also in 2000, reported their initial experience with video-assisted surgery, but still on the periphery of the heart. Only since 2005, with the beginning of our experience [16,37,38] and the experience of Poffo et al. [39] in 2006, a new era of video-assisted cardiac surgery in our country has began, including intracardiac procedures via peripheral CPB, vacuum assist and minithoracotomy. Our experience with VACS began in 2005 with the ligation of a coronary-pulmonary fistula by means of thoracoscopy [16]. We continued in the same year with our first case of treatment of mitral valve with a totally endoscopic procedure in a case of reoperation, in which we performed recommissurotomy [37]. Today, we present our series of 136 patients undergone minimally invasive techniques, including procedures on the aortic valve, mitral, congenital heart disease and on the periphery of the heart as in cardiac resynchronization therapy, coronary-pulmonary fistula, removal of extracardiac tumors and minimally invasive myocardial revascularization. We chose to include in
discussions especially cases requiring CPB, due to the greater complexity of these procedures and greater uniformity of the measured data. The surgical steps included: CPB, aortic clamping and use of operating room are largest in video-assisted surgery than with conventional sternotomy, even so, the results have been more favorable to the minimally invasive technique. This assertion is clearly demonstrated when we assess great studies on the subject. Modi et al. [40] in 2009, showed the influence of CPB on morbidity, only in cases where the cardiopulmonary bypass time was over 180 minutes. Modi et al. [3] by means of large meta-analysis showed that, despite higher operative times, there was an improvement of postoperative results when compared to the conventional minimally invasive technique. Despite this fact, and the course of clinical experience, these times become smaller, as we have demonstrated in our series (Figure 5). Our series showed 2.4 ± 4.5 days of hospitalization in ICU and 5.0 ± 6.8 days of hospitalization. In the group of congenital heart disease, those times were even lower, with 1.3 ± 0.5 days in ICU and 2.6 ± 0.8 days of postoperative hospitalization, numbers that demonstrate the expected result for this technique. Argenziano et al. [41] reported 20 hours of admission and 4 days of hospitalization, Modi et al. [40], six days of hospitalization, and Poffo et al. [39], 6.5 days of hospitalization. Of the 47 patients with mitral valve disease, 39 (83.0%) underwent valve repair, this has been supported by several authors, suggesting that the mitral valve is most often achieved when using the minimally invasive cardiac surgery compared to median sternotomy. Modi et al. [40] showed 82% of mitral valve in their series and also mentioned in their reports these better results in the experience of other authors. Also in the group of mitral valve disease, in 32 (68.1%) patients we opted to use the transseptal access to treat mitral valve and the results were better when compared to transatrial access. Best surgical times, not compromised venous drainage and repair of the septum by periods of traction without the need for atrial retractors were observed and reported in summary of study presented by our team in recent conference [42]. In surgery with sternotomy, this access has also been reviewed, offering the same benefits that we observed [43]. Navia et al. [30], in their report with minimally invasive surgery in 1996 had demonstrated the use of the transseptal access in their procedures for treatment of mitral valve. Regarding complications occurred in our series, we found similar reports in the literature, especially in cases involving reoperation, mitral valve replacement and surgery on the aortic valve. Twelve patients had postoperative complications, among them, three cases of stroke (3/105 or
Fig. 5 - Evolution of the surgical times in minutes, with the evolution of six years of experience. CPB time, aortic clamping time and operating room time in minutes, with their trend curves (x-line with each case, following four years of experience with VACS)
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2.9%), all patients with severe aortic valve calcification and only one developed sequelae. Modi et al. [40] also reported a 2.6% of stroke in 12 years of use of the method. Our sample reported 4.8% of deaths (5/105) in all cases using CPB, and occurred only in cases of treatment of mitral (3/47 or 6.4%) and aortic (2/39 or 5 1%) valves. In patients with congenital heart disease, complications were minimal and no deaths occurred. Regarding mortality, the registration of the “Society of Thoracic Surgeons Fall 2007 Report” reported up 6.1% mortality in cases of mitral valve replacement [44]. A complication of aortic endoclamping much reported in the literature [40,45,46] also occurred in our series. A dissection of the atrioventricular groove and rupture of the left ventricle were observed in a patient with mitral valve surgery in advance on which we used the method. Despite similar reports of occurrence also with sternotomy and aortic clamping, we decided, like many, no longer use this technique. One option in cases of reoperation, as used by our team, is the cardiac arrest on hypothermic ventricular fibrillation, performed in three patients. In the journal Circulation in 2007, Casselman et al. [47] reported the use of minimally invasive surgery for mitral valve reoperation for cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation, and considered the technique as first option in cases of isolated mitral reoperation. Ninety-three patients had no complications, 88.6% of our series, and had times of postoperative hospital stay and excellent surgical evolution. Ninety-one (97.8%) patients were extubated in the operating room, remained 1.8 ± 0.9 days in the ICU and were discharged with a mean of 3.6 ± 1.3 days postoperatively. Reports similar to that found in this series were also reported by Tatooles et al. [35] Reichenspurner et al. [36], when using robotics in their surgeries. We use a right intercostal minithoracotomy in most of our cases. In nine (23.1%) patients with aortic disease, access was performed with inverted L hemisternotomy. We chose this access in cases where the ascending aorta was very dilated and the aortic valve was very calcified, since this technique facilitates direct vision with aortic clamping and handling of the valve compromised. Other accesses like hemisternotomy in “inverted T” or “L to the left”, have also been suggested by some authors, but are associated with greater trauma, minor aesthetic benefit and/or antipain [48-50]. In most of our aortic patients, we used the access via right anterolateral thoracotomy of 4 cm in the third intercostal space. Septal defects are also included in the diseases of easy access for minimum procedures. The inclusion of the second cannula (jugular vein) is mandatory, because of the need to isolate the right atrium. The vena cava is closed using strings or clamped via minimal incision. Other attitudes are
the same surgical procedures on the mitral valve. Our series involved 19 patients with congenital heart disease, including three cases of ventricular septal defect, with excellent surgical outcome. Eighteen patients had immediate extubation in the operating room and stayed on average 1.3 ± 0.5 days in ICU and 2.6 ± 0.8 days in hospital. The three cases of coronary fistula were included in this study in order to demonstrate the feasibility of using laparoscopic surgery in common situations, stimulating surgeons to seek alternative approaches to conventional incisions. A survey of current literature has not reported other experiences with this technique [16.38]. In addition to the atrioventricular and aortic procedures, we used the laparoscopic in 18 cases of biventricular resynchronization and implantation of epicardial lead totally by endoscopic via. Implantation of epicardial lead via left thoracoscopy for cardiac resynchronization, is well documented in the literature [51]. Its implementation was stimulated due to the varying degrees of failure to implant via the coronary sinus. The new technique is simple and performed totally by endoscopic via and such approaches do not require thoracotomy, as in the conventional method, but three small incisions for insertion of instruments and fixation of active epicardial lead. The three-dimensional echocardiography guided these procedures [15]. Myocardial revascularization with minimal incisions was also reported in our series and coursed with good outcome and no complications. We used videothoraccoscopy or dissection of left internal thoracic artery and left anterior minithoracotomy for coronary implantation. Several authors have used this technique including Brazil [28,52], but the greatest advances in minimally invasive CABG have been shown today. Surgical procedures using robotics have allowed for multivessel coronary revascularization, in a totally endoscopic manner [53,54]. Today, increasingly, the world uses minimally invasive surgery for treatment of heart disease, but its expansion and ultimate consecration will depend on the greater ability of surgeons and a multidisciplinary team [2,3,40]. The future is even more promising because, as already happens in some centers, the smaller incisions will be replaced by totally endoscopic procedures [53,54].
34
CONCLUSION The results in this series are comparable to the literature and confirm the method as an alternative to the conventional technique. The search for better cosmetic results, reduced postoperative discomfort observed in the large thoracotomy and rapid postoperative recovery are the major goals of the technique, coupled with low complication rates obviously already conquered with conventional surgery.
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47. Casselman FP, La Meir M, Jeanmart H, Mazzarro E, Coddens J, Van Praet F, et al. Endoscopic mitral and tricuspid valve surgery after previous cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2007;116(11 Suppl):I270-5.
36. Reichenspurner H, Boehm D, Reichart B. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery using three-dimensional video and robotic assistance. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;11(3):235-43.
48. Suenaga E, Suda H, Katayama Y, Sato M, Yamada N. Limited upper sternotomy for minimally invasive aortic valve replacement. Kyobu Geka. 2000;53(12):1028-31.
37. Fortunato JF, Branco Filho AA, Branco A, Martins ALM, Pereira ML. Reoperação de valva mitral totalmente endoscópica: relato de caso. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(3):411-4. 38. Fortunato Jr. JA, Branco Filho AA, Branco A, Martins ALM, Pereira ML, Ferraz JGG, et al. Padronização da técnica de
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49. Nair RU, Sharpe DA. Limited lower sternotomy for minimally invasive mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):273-4. 50. Gundry SR, Shattuck OH, Razzouk AJ, del Rio MJ, Sardari FF, Bailey LL. Facile minimally invasive cardiac surgery via ministernotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(4):1100-4.
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51. Navia JL, Atik FA, Grimm RA, Garcia M, Vega PR, Myhre U, et al. Minimally invasive left ventricular epicardial lead placement: surgical techniques for heart failure resynchronization therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(5):1536-44.
53. Bonatti J, Schachner T, Bernecker O, Chevtchik O, Bonaros N, Ott H, et al. Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass: program development and learning curve issues. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(2):504-10.
52. Jatene FB, PĂŞgo-Fernandes PM, Hayata AL, Arbulu HE, Stolf NA, Oliveira SA, et al. VATS for complete dissection of LIMA in minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(6 Suppl):S110-3.
54. Bonatti J, Rehman A, Schwartz K, Deshpande S, Kon Z, Lehr E, et al. Robotic totally endoscopic triple coronary artery bypass grafting on the arrested heart: report of the first successful clinical case. Heart Surg Forum. 2010;13(6):E394-6.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Analysis of immediate results of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Análise dos resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com e sem circulação extracorpórea
Marcos Antonio Cantero1, Rui M. S. Almeida2, Roberto Galhardo1
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120007
RBCCV 44205-1348
Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the immediate results of patients undergoing on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: From January 2007 to January 2009, 177 patients underwent CABG. Of these, 92 underwent off-pump CABG and 85 on-pump CABG. We evaluated the demographics, preoperative risk factors, preoperative functional class, and risk assessment by the EuroSCORE. A comparison between both groups regarding the postoperative evolution was carried out as well. Results: The mean number of grafts per patient was 2.48 ± 0.43 in the off-pump group versus 2.90 ± 0.59 in the onpump group. In the off-pump group, 97.8% of patients received an internal thoracic artery graft, while in the onpump group, the percentage was 94.1% (P = 0.03). The rate of complete revascularization was similar in both groups. In the off-pump group, the circumflex artery (circumflex branch of the left coronary artery) was revascularized in 48.9% of the patients versus 68.2% of the patients in the onpump group (P = 0.01). Hospital mortality was 4.3% for offpump CABG and 4.7% for on-pump CABG (P = 0.92). The
off-pump group had fewer complications in relation to perioperative myocardial infarction (P = 0.02) and use of intra-aortic balloon pump (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The off-pump CABG is a safe procedure with hospital mortality similar to that observed in on-pump CABG, with lower rates of complications and less need for intra-aortic balloon.
1. Cardiovascular Surgeon; Hospital do Coração de Dourados e Hospital Evangélico Sr e Sra Goldsby King, Dourados, MS, Brasil. 2. Doctorate degree; Associate Professor; Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE); Coordinator of the Medical Course at Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG); Member of the Deliberative Council of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery and the Member of the Editorial Council of the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
Corresponding author Marcos Antonio Cantero. Rua Delmar de Oliveira, 1725 Vila Progresso –Dourados, MS Brasil – Zip Code: 79825-115 E-mail: marcoscantero@sbccv.org.br
This study was carried out at Hospital Evangélico Sr. e Sra. Goldsby King Dourados - MS Hospital do Coração de Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
38
Descriptors: Extracorporeal circulation. Cardiopulmonary bypass. Coronary artery disease. Myocardial revascularization.
Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com e sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC). Métodos: De janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009, 177 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM), sendo 92, sem CEC e 85 com CEC. Foram avaliados distribuição demográfica, fatores de risco pré-operatórios, classe funcional e avaliação de risco pelo
Article received on July 18th, 2011 Article accepted on December 12th, 2011
Cantero MA, et al. - Analysis of immediate results of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols MR ECC FC EuroSCORE NYHA MAP CVP STS ACT
Myocardial revascularization Extracorporeal Circulation Functional class European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation New York Heart Association Mean arterial pressure Central venous pressure Society of Thoracic Surgeons Activating clotting time
EuroSCORE. A evolução no pós-operatório foi comparada entre os grupos. Resultados: A média de enxertos por paciente foi de 2,48 ± 0,43, no grupo sem CEC, e 2,90 ± 0,59, no com CEC. No grupo sem CEC, 97,8% dos pacientes receberam um enxerto
INTRODUCTION During the past decades, coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG) has allowed patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease to improve survival, symptoms, and quality of life [1]. From the mid-1990s, efforts focused on ways to reduce complications and make CABG less invasive. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces the systemic inflammatory response through activation of the complement system, mainly via the alternative pathway induced by blood contact with the surface of the extracorporeal circuit, which triggers the release of inflammatory mediators such as the interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor responsible for the systemic inflammatory response. In an attempt to reduce the systemic inflammatory response, the off-pump CABG has been rediscovered and refined. In 1964, Kolesov performed the first off-pump CABG in Leningrad [2]. This technique, after the initial experiments [3] has been revived by Buffolo et al. [4] and Benetti et al. [5]. Since then, it has been recommended as a primary treatment option for high-risk patients [6]. Since 1990, the experience with off-pump CABG has increased. In 1999, data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) reveal that it represented about 10% of the total CABG surgeries performed in the United States [7]. Since 2001, the number of all surgical revascularization procedures in the United States increased up to 25%. According to STS, this proportion was about 20% until 2007 [9]. In an attempt to evaluate and demonstrate that the offpump CABG is feasible in our country, with results similar to those found in the literature, even in a service located in
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de artéria torácica interna, enquanto que no grupo com CEC a porcentagem foi de 94,1% (P = 0,03). A taxa de revascularização completa foi similar em ambos os grupos. No grupo sem CEC, a artéria circunflexa foi revascularizada em 48,9% dos casos e, em 68,2%, no grupo com CEC (P = 0,01). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,3% e 4,7%, respectivamente, no grupo sem CEC e com CEC (P = 0,92). Os pacientes operados sem CEC apresentaram menor índice de complicações em relação ao infarto perioperatório (P= 0,02) e ao uso de balão intra-aórtico (P= 0,01). Conclusão: A cirurgia coronariana sem CEC é um procedimento seguro, com mortalidade hospitalar similar a dos pacientes operados com CEC, com menores taxas de complicações e de incidência de infarto perioperatório, bem como menor necessidade de balão intra-aórtico. Descritores: Circulação extracorpórea. Ponte cardiopulmonar. Doença da artéria coronariana. Revascularização miocárdica.
the countryside of Brazil, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate results of patients undergoing onpump and off-pump CABG. We analyzed the demographics of the population and the differences in morbidity and mortality rates at the Cardiovascular Surgery Service of the Hospital do Coração de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS According to current guidelines, we screened 177 patients with multiarterial coronary artery disease (insufficiency), who had surgical indication to CABG from January 2007 to January 2009 at the Hospital do Coração de Dourados (Dourados, MS, Brazil). Of these, 92 patients underwent off-pump CABG surgery (Group 1) and 85 patients underwent on-pump CABG (Group 2). Files were retrieved from hospital registry and reviewed retrospectively through review of the medical records and evaluation of medical examination performed preoperatively. The study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee (committee report nº 004/2009). Patients were included in the study by an agreement between the surgeons provided that the revascularization might be performed reliably and in a similar manner for both operative techniques. Randomization assignment was not provided. After a detailed explanation of the investigative purpose of the study and the results already obtained in other services, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Exclusion criteria were the presence of cardiogenic shock or mechanical complications of infarction, ejection fraction changes (<55%), and non-acceptance of the method by the patient. 39
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The following variables were included in the study: 1. Age, type of operation (first operation or reoperation); 2. Clinical stratification of the heart functional class (FC) according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA); 3. The presence of risk factors, such as systemic hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral arterial insufficiency; 4. Occurrence of complications, such as stroke, perioperative acute myocardial infarction, presence of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, need for mechanical ventilation > 24 hours, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, surgical bleeding indicating exploratory mediastinotomy and death. The study data were set with the risk index developed by the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery, the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) [8]. The model database used by STS [9] was not used due to the lack of some data on all medical records. After the initial trial period of service that began the offpump CABG in mid-2004, all patients were operated on by the same surgeon and surgical team. Trans- and postoperative monitoring included continuous electrocardiogram with electrodes placed on the posterior (dorsal) surface, mean arterial pressure (MAP) through peripheral artery catheterization, central venous pressure (CVP) by placing a double lumen catheter into the vena cava, pulse oximetry by placing a digital sensor, temperature by using an esophageal thermometer, and urinary output. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (5 mcg/kg) and etomidate (0.3 mg/kg) followed by neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate tracheal intubation, or pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg intravenous bolus, and 0.03 mg/kg in maintenance doses). Maintenance was performed with sufentanil (0.02 mg/kg/min), midazolam bolus dose depending on requirements, and pancuronium (0.03 mg/kg/h). Both inhalation anesthetics and halogens in combination with nitrous oxide (N2O) have also been used. Vasopressors and inotropic support was administered after the onset of mobilization of the heart aiming at appropriate organic and tissue perfusion. Patients who underwent on-pump CABG received heparin (3 mg/kg) after induction of anesthesia and harvesting of grafts. Patients underwent a median sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass established by cannulation of the ascending aorta and right atrium, cannulation of the right superior pulmonary vein with introduction of a catheter for aspiration and decompression of the left ventricle, hypothermia at 28°C, isothermic blood cardioplegia delivered in an antegrade manner at a ratio of 1:4, followed by distal anastomoses. The proximal anastomoses were performed with partial clamping of the aorta and on a beating heart.
Patients who underwent off-pump CABG received heparin (2 mg/kg) after induction of anesthesia and harvesting of grafts. In both techniques, heparinization was controlled by the activated clotting time (ACT). We have placed a point with Ethibond 2-0 attached to a cotton strip with 3 cm in the pericardial deflection between the inferior vena cava and right inferior pulmonary vein in order to expose completely the heart. Distal anastomoses were performed, and the artery occluded proximally to the anastomosis with a 5-0 polypropylene thread point anchored in Teflon pledge. The area in which the anastomosis was being performed was exposed and stabilized with a suction stabilizer (The Medtronic Octopus® System). At the completion of the distal anastomoses, the systolic blood pressure was maintained at 100 mmHg. The aorta was partially clamped, and the proximal anastomoses performed. Upon completion of the anastomoses, heparin was reversed with protamine sulfate in both groups, and the operation was completed.
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Statistical Analysis In this study, mean age and number of vessels treated were compared by the Student’s t test. Other variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 63.4 ± 8.8 years in the on-pump CABG group versus 63.0 ± 9.6 years in the offpump CABG group, with a range of 29-87 years. There were 75 men (81.6%) in the off-pump CABG and 50 men (59.4%) in the on-pump CABG. Regarding other demographic data, there were no statistically significant risk factors (Table 1).
Table 1. Preoperative risk factors and complications in both groups. Age Ejection fraction Male Hypertension Smoking Dyslipidemia Diabetes Previous Stroke PAI COPD Renal failure Previous Operation
OPCABG (92) 63.0 ± 9.6 62.3 ± 15 81.6% 56.3% 52.7% 70.1% 23.7% 4.8% 11.9% 10.4% 1% 2.1%
ONCABG (85) 63.4 ± 8.8 59.4 ± 16.3 80.3% 51.7% 54.9% 68.3% 28.2% 5.3% 15.3% 8.7% 2.3% 1.1%
P value 0.38 0.53 0.82 0.51 0.52 0.63 0.12 0.82 0.52 0.13 0.76 0.97
CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; PAI = peripheral arterial insufficiency; COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Both groups showed no differences in preoperative NYHA FC (NYHA FC I: Group 1 (3.2%) vs. Group 2 (3.5%); NYHA FC II: off-pump CABG (32.6%) vs. on-pump CABG (31.8%); NYHA FC III: off-pump CABG (52.1%) vs. on-pump CABG (52.9%); NYHA FC IV: off-pump CABG (11.9%) vs. on-pump CABG (11.7%). Elective surgery was required in 56.5% of patients in the off-pump CABG group (52 cases) vs. 60% in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.70). Considering the mortality rate logistic EuroSCORE, seven patients in the off-pump CABG group were considered low-risk patients (score 0-2), 27 medium-risk (score 3-5), and 57 highrisk (score >6). Six patients in the on-pump CABG group were considered low-risk patients (score 0-2), 25 mediumrisk (score 3-5), and 54 high-risk (score >6). The extent of coronary artery disease also showed no significant differences between both groups (11 patients (11.9%) with one impaired vessel in the off-pump CABG group vs. two patients (2.3%) in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.11)). Twenty-five patients (27.1%) had two-vessel coronary artery disease in the off-pump CABG group vs. 22 patients (25.8%) in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.98). Triple-vessel disease was present in 56 patients (60.8%) in the off-pump CABG group vs. 61 patients (71.7%) in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.37). The analysis of the type of coronary lesions showed no differences between the two groups. Thus, 97.8% of the patients in the off-pump CABG group had critical injuries in the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery vs 98.8% in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.84).
Obstructions in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery were significant (> 50%) on a lesser ratio in the offpump CABG group (P = 0.06). The right coronary artery was affected in 85.8% of patients in the off-pump CABG group and in 80% of the patients in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.61). The mean number of grafts per patient was 2.48 ± 0.43 in the off-pump CABG group versus 2.90 ± 0.59 in the onpump CABG group (P = 0.02). The number of grafts performed (Table 3) ranged from 1 to 6 with a higher proportion of patients with one graft (14.1% vs. 2.3%, P = 0.001) and two grafts (35.8% vs. 24.7%, P = 0.03) in the offpump CABG group. However, the on-pump CABG group had more patients with three grafts (58.8% vs. 40.2%, P = 0.004). In off-pump CABG group, 97.8% of patients received internal thoracic artery bypass-graft versus 94.1% in the on-pump CABG group (P = 0.03). The rate of complete revascularization was similar in both groups (69.5% in the off-pump CABG group vs. 67.0% in the on-pump CABG group, P = 0.68). The anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery was revascularized in 92.3% of patients in the off-pump CABG group, the right coronary artery in 54.3% and the circumflex branch in 48.9%; in the on-pump CABG group, these proportions were 90.5%, 67.0%, and 68.2% respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of grafts using the circumflex branch of left coronary artery in 48.9% of the patients in the offpump CABG group versus 68.2% of the patients in the onpump CABG group (P = 0.02).
Table 2. NYHA functional class according to the both groups.
Table 4. Immediate morbidity and mortality in both groups.
NYHA class I II III IV
OPCABG n (%) 3 (3.2%) 30 (32.6%) 48 (52.1%) 11 (11.9%)
ONCABG n (%) 3 (3.5%) 27 (31.8%) 45 (52.9%) 10 (11.7%)
NYHA = New York Heart Association; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. All P-value were higher than 0.05
In-hospital mortality Perioperative AMI IAB pump use Ventricular arrhythmia Atrial Fibrillation Ventilation > 24 h Re-intervention
OPCABG (n = 92) 4.3% 7.6% 3.2% 2.2% 12% 5.4% 4.3%
ONCABG (n = 85) 4.7% 12.9% 14.1% 3.5% 12.9% 11.7% 4.7%
P-value 0,89 0,02 0,01 0,84 0,16 0,14 0,35
CABG = coronary artery by-pass graft. IAB = intra-aortic balloon pump. AMI = acute myocardial infarction Table 3. Number of coronary grafts performed in both groups. Number of Grafts 1 2 3 4 5 6
graft grafts grafts grafts grafts grafts
OPCABG (n = 92) Nº of Cases % 13 14.1% 33 35.8% 37 40.2% 6 6.5% 3 3.2% __ _
CABG = coronary artery by-pass grafting
ONCABG (n = 85) Nº of Cases % 2 2.3% 21 24.7% 50 58.8% 8 9.4% 3 3.5% 1 1.1%
The proportion of grafts in the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery and in the right coronary artery was similar in both groups. The conversion rate to on-pump CABG was 5.4% (five cases). Hospital mortality in the off-pump CABG was 4.3% versus 4.7% in the onpump CABG group (P = 0.92). The most common complication was atrial fibrillation, which occurred in 12.9% of the patients in the on-pump 41
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CABG group versus 12% of the patients in the off-pump CABG group. Among other complications (Table 4), the least frequent in the off-pump CABG group was the perioperative infarction rate (7.6% versus 16.4% in the on-pump group (Group 2) (P = 0.04)). The need for intra-aortic balloon pump was 3.2% in Group 1 vs. 11.7% in Group 2 (P = 0.01). It is noteworthy that the groups were similar in risk score, ventricular function and NYHA FC. Therefore, the groups were homogeneous, although there was no randomization.
as 30-day mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and acute renal failure In randomized clinical trials, off-pump CABG surgery was not associated with any significant reduction in 30day mortality and myocardial infarction. It showed a relevant reduction in the incidence of stroke and atrial fibrillation. There was no significant reduction in acute renal failure. The benefits of the off-pump CABG surgery in the elderly [19], in patients undergoing hemodialysis [20] and, lately, in females [21] were shown in several subgroups of patients. In Brazil, other services have recorded their experiences demonstrating that myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass is a procedure that can be performed with low surgical risk and with excellent results [22]. It is considered as an independent protective factor for some complications such as mediastinitis [23] and the need for blood transfusion [24]. There was no difference between groups in the rate of complications. Analyzing the incidence of perioperative infarction in our sample, we found a higher incidence in onpump (12.9%) versus off-pump (7.6%) CABG surgery. These data are similar to those found by Demers et al. [25], who reported 5.1% of acute myocardial infarction post-CPB versus 2.0% without CPB. Lima et al. [26] also reported 8.0% and 4.3%, respectively. The need for intra-aortic balloon pump shows a statistically significant reduction in the off-pump CABG group (3.2%) compared to patients undergoing on-pump CABG surgery (14.1%) (P = 0.01). There was no difference between groups in the NYHA FC, in left ventricular function, and risk score, making them homogeneous, although they were not randomized. The off-pump CABG surgery allows a complete revascularization rate similar to that of patients undergoing on-pump CABG, as well as a percentage of use of left internal thoracic artery superior in Group 1, which may be due to the need to avoid manipulation of the ascending aorta. The number of grafts per patient, however, was lower in the offpump CABG group. The statistically significant decrease of the grafts performed (Table 3) using the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in the off-pump CABG group should be hold responsible for this result. As in the ROOBY study [14], our study did not show significant difference in mortality. Data were confirmed by three large meta-analyses [27]. It was reported a mortality rate after off-pump CABG similar to the on-pump CABG.
DISCUSSION The literature worldwide shows that off-pump CABG has been a viable option for the treatment of severe coronary insufficiency [10,11]. A systemic inflammatory response can be caused by platelet degranulation, activation of neutrophils and monocytes, and release of cytokines, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction after CPB. The inflammatory response impairs lung function; CPB adds lung injury and delays the recovery of respiratory function [12]. Several studies [13] compared the inflammatory response with and without cardiopulmonary bypass by measuring serum concentrations of cytokines and acute-phase proteins before and after surgery. There was a significant attenuation of the inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass. With the reduction of inflammatory response, the pathophysiological analysis may reduce organ dysfunction, which makes off-pump surgery less harmful. The risks of CABG have increased in recent years due to patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; older age, the greater number of patients undergoing prior angioplasty and also by the expansion of indications for certain groups of patients, especially those with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy and comorbidities. Such conditions confirmed the distribution of patients in EuroSCORE, in which most of them are in the range of high risk. A randomized meta-analysis (ROOBY Trial) showed that off-pump CABG surgery was associated with worse outcomes and lower graft patency [14]. Observational studies have already suggested similar results to conventional CABG [15]. The effectiveness of off-pump CABG surgery has been demonstrated in patients with multivessel disease [22], or in those with disease in the left coronary artery [16], and in high-risk patients preoperatively as well [17]. The lack of a clear benefit in clinical trials that compared patients who underwent off-pump versus on-pump CABG, led to the meta-analysis of 22 observational studies and 37 randomized clinical trials [18]. In observational studies, off-pump CABG surgery was associated with significant reductions in all points, such 42
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study has several limitations requiring caution in their interpretation: 1) There are no adjustments for specific risk attributed
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to clinical characteristics. It may have biased the choice of a particular patient to the surgical procedure; 2) The groups are not randomised, nor are the prospective analysis. This compromises the conclusion, to a certain extent; 3) The primary endpoints could not be outlined in advance, once the analysis is based only on the database.
7. Aldea GS, Mokadam NA, Melford R Jr, Stewart D, Maynard C, Reisman M, et al. Changing volumes, risk profiles, and outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary interventions. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1828-38.
CONCLUSION The off-pump CABG surgery is a safe procedure with a mortality rate similar to that of the on-pump CABG surgery, with a lower incidence of complications and perioperative infarction, and less need of the intra-aortic balloon pump. The technique is feasible, with similar results even in small service facilities. However, this study lacks statistical power, and it has some biases that hamper this statement from being consistent.
8. Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16(1):9-13. 9. Clarke RE. The STS Cardiac Surgery National Database: an update. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59(6):1376-80. 10. Tang AT, Knott J, Nanson J, Hsu J, Haw MP, Ohri SK. A prospective randomized study to evaluate the renoprotective action of beating heart coronary surgery in low risk patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22(1):118-23. 11. Patel NC, Graysson AD, Jackson M, Au J, Yonan N, Hasan R, et al; North West Quality Improvement Program in Cardiac Interventions. The effect off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22(2):255-60. 12. Taggart DP, el-Fiky M, Carter R, Bowman A, Wheatley DJ. Respiratory dysfunction after uncomplicated cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56(5):1123-8.
REFERENCES 1. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialist Collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344(8922):563-70. 2. Kolessov VI. Mammary artery-coronary artery anastomosis as method of treatment for angina pectoris. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1967;54(4):535-44. 3. Favaloro RG. Saphenous vein autograft replacement of severe segmental coronary artery occlusion: operative technique. Ann Thorac Surg. 1968;5(4):334-9. 4. Buffolo E, Andrade JC, Branco JN, Aguiar LR, Ribeiro EE, Jatene AD. Myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Seven-year experience in 593 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1990;4(9):504-7. 5. Benetti FJ, Naselli G, Wood M, Geffner L. Direct myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Experience in 700 patients. Chest. 1991;100(2):312-6. 6. Al-Ruzzeh S, Nakamura K, Athanasiou T, Modine T, George S, Yacoub M, et al. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery improve the outcome in high-risk patients? A comparative study of 1398 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(1):50-5.
13. Diegeler A, Doll N, Rauch T, Haberer D, Walther T, Falk V, et al. Humoral immune response during coronary artery bypass grafting: a comparison of limited approach, â&#x20AC;&#x153;off-pumpâ&#x20AC;? technique, and conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl 3):III95-100. 14. Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B, Collins JF, McDonald GO, Kozora E, et al; Veterans Affairs Randomized On/Off Bypass (ROOBY) Study Group. On-pump versus off-pump coronaryartery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(19):1827-37. 15. Cartier R, Brann S, Dagenais F, Martineau R, Couturier AJ. Systematic off-pump coronary artery revascularization in multivessel disease: experience of three hundred cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119(2):221-9. 16. Dewey TM, Magee MJ, Edgerton JR, Mathison M, Tennison D, Mack MJ. Off-pump bypass grafting is safe in patients with left main coronary disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(3):788-91. 17. Arom KV, Flavin TF, Emery RW, Kshettry VR, Janey PA, Petersen RJ. Safety and efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(3):704-10. 18. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Djaiani G, Rao V, Borger MA, Karkouti K, et al. Off-pump coronary artery surgery for reducing mortality and morbidity: meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(5):872-82.
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Cantero MA, et al. - Analysis of immediate results of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
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19. Silva AMRP, Campagnucci VP, Pereira WL, Rosa RF, Franken RA, Gandra SMA, et al. Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em idosos: análise da morbidade e mortalidade. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(1):40-5.
bypass grafting surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):27-35.
20. Milani R, Brofman PRS, Souza JAM, Barboza L, Guimarães MR, Barbosa A, et al. Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007;22(1):104-10. 21. Sá MPBO, Lima LP, Rueda FG, Escobar RR, Cavalcanti PEF, Thé ECS, et al. Estudo comparativo entre cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com e sem circulação extracorpórea em mulheres. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(2):238-44. 22. Lima RC, Escobar M, Wanderley Neto J, Torres LD, Elias DO, Mendonça JT, et al. Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea: resultados imediatos. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1993;8(3):171-6. 23. Sá MP, Soares EF, Santos CA, Figueiredo OJ, Lima RO, Escobar RR, et al. Risk factors for mediastinitis after coronary artery
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24. Sá MP, Soares EF, Santos CA, Figueiredo OJ, Lima RO, Rueda FG, et al. Predictors of transfusion of packed red blood cells in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(4):552-8. 25. Demers P, Cartier R. Multivessel off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20(5):908-12. 26. Lima RC, Diniz R, Césio A, Vasconcelos F, Gesteira M, Menezes AM, et al. Revascularização miocárdica em pacientes octogenários: estudo retrospectivo e comparativo entre pacientes operados com e sem circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2005;20(1):8-13. 27. van der Heijden GJ, Nathoe HM, Jansen EW, Grobbee DE. Meta-analysis on the effect of off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26(1):81-4.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery A idade influencia os desfechos em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada
Antônio Sérgio Cordeiro da Rocha1, Felipe José Monassa Pittella2, Andrea Rocha de Lorenzo3, Valmir Barzan4, Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi5, José Oscar Reis Brito6, Marco Antonio de Mattos7, Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva8
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120008
RBCCV 44205-1349
Abstract Objective: To analyze the results of isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients ≥ 70 years old in comparison to patients <70 years old. Methods: Patients undergoing isolated CABG were selected for the study. The patients were assigned into two groups: G1 (age ≥ 70 years old) and G2 (age <70 years old). The endpoints were in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, re-exploration for bleeding, intraaortic balloon pump for circulatory shock, respiratory complications, acute renal failure, mediastinitis, sepsis, atrial fibrillation, and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). Results: A total of 1,033 were included in the study: G1
comprised 257 (24.8%) patients G2 776 (75.2%). Patients in G1 were more likely to have in-hospital mortality than in G2 (8.9% vs. 3.6%, respectively; P=0.001), while the incidence of AMI was similar (5.8% vs. 5.5%; P=0.87) in G2. More patients in G1 had re-exploration for bleeding (12.1% vs. 6.1%; P=0.003). Compared to G2, G1 had more incidences of respiratory complications (21.4% vs. 9.1%; P<0.001), mediastinitis (5.1% vs. 1.9%; P=0.013), stroke (3.9% vs. 1.3%; P=0.016), acute renal failure (7.8% vs. 1.3%; P<0.001), sepsis (3.9% vs. 1.9%;P=0.003), atrial fibrillation (15.6% vs. 9.8%; P=0.016), and CAVB (3.5% vs. 1.2%; P=0.023). There was no significant difference in the use of the intraaortic balloon pump. In the forward stepwise multivariate logistic
1. Doctorate Degree in Cardiology at the University of Sao Paulo (USP); Hospital Coordinator at the National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 2. Master Degree in Cardiology; Head of the Coronary Disease Service at the National Institute of cardiology Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 3. Doctorate Degree in Cardiology; Physician at Coronary Disease Service; National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 4. Specialization in Cardiology; Physician at the Coronary Disease Service; National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 5. Doctorate Degree in Cardiology at USP; Head of the Surgical Division: National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 6. Specialization in Heart Surgery; Head of the Adult Surgical Service; National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 7. Doctorate Degree in Cardiology at the Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro (UFRJ); Physician at National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 8. Doctorate Degree in Cardiology at The University of São Paulo (USP); Physician at the Coronary Disease Service; National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. This study was carried out at the National Institute of Cardiology, Health Ministry, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Corresponding author: Antônio Sérgio Cordeiro da Rocha Coordenação de Pesquisa Clínica Rua das Laranjeiras, 374/5º andar – Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil – Zip Code: 22040-006. E-mail: ascrbr@centroin.com.br Article received on October 7th, 2011 Article accepted on February 2nd, 2012
45
Rocha ASC, et al. -Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
regression analysis, age ≥ 70 years was an independent predictive factor for higher in-hospital mortality (P=0.004), re-exploration for bleeding (P=0.002), sepsis (P=0.002), respiratory complications (P<0.001), mediastinitis (P=0.016), stroke (P=0.029), acute renal failure (P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (P=0.021), and CAVB (P=0.031). Conclusion: This study suggests that patients of age ≥ 70 years were at increased risk of death and other complications in the CABG’s postoperative period in comparison to younger patients.
Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os resultados da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRVM) isolada com circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com idade ≥ 70 anos em comparação àqueles com < 70 anos. Métodos: Pacientes submetidos consecutivamente à CRVM isolada. Os pacientes foram agrupados em G1 (idade ≥ 70 anos) e G2 (idade < 70 anos). Os desfechos analisados foram letalidade hospitalar, infarto agudo miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), reoperação para revisão de hemostasia (RRH), necessidade de balão intra-aórtico (BIA), complicações respiratórias, insuficiência renal aguda (IRA), mediastinite, sepse, fibrilação atrial (FA) e bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT). Resultados: Foram estudados 1033 pacientes, 257 (24,8%) do G1 e 776 (75,2%) do G2. A letalidade hospitalar foi significantemente maior no G1 quando comparado ao G2 (8,9% vs. 3,6%, P=0,001), enquanto a incidência de IAM foi semelhante (5,8% vs. 5,5%; P=0,87). Maior número de pacientes do G1 necessitou de RRH (12,1% vs. 6,1%; P=0,003). Da mesma forma, no G1 houve maior incidência de complicações respiratórias (21,4% vs. 9,1%; P<0,001), mediastinite (5,1% vs. 1,9%; P=0,013), AVE (3,9% vs. 1,3%; P=0,016), IRA (7,8% vs. 1,3%, P<0,001), sepse (3,9% vs. 1,9%; P=0,003), fibrilação atrial (15,6% vs. 9,8%; P=0,016) e BAVT (3,5% vs. 1,2%; P=0,023) do que o G2. Não houve diferença significante na necessidade de BIA. Na análise regressão logística multivariada “forward stepwise”, a idade ≥ 70 anos foi fator preditivo independente para maior letalidade operatória (P=0,004) e para RRH (P=0,002), sepse (P=0,002), complicações respiratórias (P<0,001), mediastinite (P=0,016), AVE (P=0,029), IRA (P<0,001), FA (P=0,021) e BAVT (P=0,031) no pós-operatório. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que pacientes com idade ≥ 70 anos estão sob maior risco de morte e outras complicações no pós-operatório de CRVM em comparação aos pacientes mais jovens.
Descriptors: Myocardial revascularization. Hospital mortality. Postoperative complications. Aged.
Descritores: Revascularização miocárdica. Mortalidade hospitalar. Complicações pós-operatórias. Idoso.
Abreviations, acronyms & Symbols ITA C VA CAVb IAB ECC/ CABG CAD DM COPD VD PVD AF G1 G2 SH AMI IBGE/BIGS CI AKI CKD LCATI RHR ECCT/CPBT HF
internal thoracic artery stroke complete atrioventricular block Intraaortic balloon pump extracorporeal circulation coronary artery by-pass graft surgery coronary artery disease diabetes melito chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vascular disease peripheral vascular disease atrial fibrillation group of patients of age = or > 70 years group of patients of age < 70 years systemic hypertension acute myocardial infarction Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Confidence interval acute kidney injury chronic kidney disease left coronary artery trunk injury reoperation for hemostasis review extracorporeal circulation time heart failure
INTRODUCTION The proportion of elderly people in Brazil has increased considerably over recent decades. Between 1980 and 2009, life expectancy of the population has increased more than 10 years ranging from 62.57 years to 73.17 years [1]. In addition, it is estimated that in 2050, over 15% of the Brazilian population will be 70 years or older. Due to the increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) with age, it is assumed that an increasing number of elderly patients will become a candidate for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the coming years. Although this age group is susceptible to the influence of a number of comorbidities (renal, pulmonary, 46
vascular, etc.), CABG has become a procedure with low mortality and morbidity, due to improvements in surgical techniques, anesthetic and postoperative care. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of isolated CABG in patients of age ≥ 70 years compared with patients < 70 years of age. METHODS This is a historical prospective study in which we analyzed all patients who consecutively underwent isolated CABG from October 1, 2001 through August 31, 2005. Exclusion criteria were patients who underwent off-pump CABG or associated with other cardiac surgeries (orovalvar
Rocha ASC, et al. - Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
diseases, ventricular aneurysms, acquired interventricular communications, congenital heart defects) or vascular surgeries. The patients were assigned into two groups: G1 (age ≥ 70 years) and G2 (age < 70 years). Data were retrieved directly from the database of the adult surgery service at the National Institute of Cardiology. The fulfilling of all the fields of the form is mandatory in order to accomplish the administrative process of discharging the patient. At hospital admission, we collect demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, in addition to medical history and physical examination. We have also gathered the comorbidities for CABG according to the criteria of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology [2], and data relevant to surgery, such as CPB time, number of anastomoses received per patient, and number of internal thoracic artery grafts used. Patients were stratified by surgical risk of death using the European System for cardiac operative risk evaluation (additive EuroSCORE). Hypertension (HBP) was considered present when blood pressure was ≥ 140/90 mmHg or the patient was under regular antihypertensive medication. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined by a record of an abnormal glucose tolerance test, a fasting blood-glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL on two separate tests, or the regular use of oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin sensitizer drugs, or insulin either alone or combined. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was considered present when creatinine clearance was < 60 ml/h, or the patient was undergoing dialysis. Vascular disease (VD) was considered when there was a history of intermittent claudication, ankle/ brachial index < 0.9, and peripheral vascular/arterial or cerebrovascular obstruction over 50% on color Doppler, CT angiography or conventional angiography. As a routine, all patients underwent a two-dimensional echocardiography study with color Doppler to evaluate the cavity dimensions and left ventricle (LV) global and segmental function before both surgery and patient discharge, or at the discretion of the attending physician. The extent and degree of coronary stenoses were evaluated on cineangiocoronariography by at least two highly skilled professional hands. The following outcomes were analyzed: death from any hospital origin and other postoperative complications occurred during the same hospitalization after CABG, or within the first 30 days postoperatively. The following postoperative complications were analyzed: non-fatal diagnosed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology [3], stroke (cerebrovascular accident/CVA) characterized as any transient or permanent neurological abnormality proven by CT or MRI of the brain, reoperation for hemostasis review, circulatory shock requiring intraaortic balloon pump (IAB), respiratory complications characterized by the use of
mechanical ventilation > 24 h, or pulmonary infection requiring postoperative unit stay, acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis process, mediastinitis, sepsis from any source, atrial fibrillation (AF), and complete atrioventricular block (CAVb) requiring temporary or permanent pacemaker. Urgent or emergency surgery was defined according to the criteria of the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology [2]. Continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables are expressed by proportions. In the statistical analysis, comparisons of means were assessed using the Student’s t-test. Proportions were compared using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors could be independently relevant to the development of the study outcomes. All P values are two-tailed, and P = 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS During the study period, 1,033 patients underwent isolated CABG. Of these, 257 (24.8%) comprised G1 and 776 (75.2%) comprised G2. Table 1 shows that there was no difference between the two groups of patients related to the following: gender, DM, systemic hypertension, routine diagnostic tests of stable or unstable angina, or myocardial infarction less than three months of CABG, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), previous stroke (CVA), CKD, VD, or need for urgent or emergency surgery, or previous CABG. However, compared to patients in G2, patients in G1 had a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (18.3% vs. 10.7%, P = 0.002), more impairment of the left main coronary artery (37.7% vs 26.8%, P = 0.001), and high-risk EuroSCORE (36.2% vs. 8.4%, P <0.001). Table 2 shows that the number of anastomoses per patient was significantly higher in G2 than in G1 [4 (95% CI = 1-5) vs. 2 (95% CI = 1-3), P = 0.017]. However, the number of internal thoracic artery grafts used was similar (95.5% vs. 93.0%, respectively, P = 0.713). Table 3 presents the results of surgery. The mortality rate was higher in G1 than in G2 (8.9% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.001). The incidence of postoperative AMI was similar between the two groups of patients (5.8% vs 5.5%, P = 0.876). Compared to patients in G2, a greater number of patients in G1 required reoperation for hemostasis review (12.1% vs. 6.1%, P = 0.003) and developed more respiratory complications (21.4% vs. 9.1%, P <0.001), mediastinitis (5.1% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.013), stroke (CVA) (3.9% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.016), AKI (7.8% vs. 1.3%, P <0.001), sepsis (3.9% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.003), AF (15.6% vs. 9.8%, P = 0.016), and CAVb postoperatively (3.5% vs. 1 2%, P = 0.023). 47
Rocha ASC, et al. - Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Table 1. Demographic and clinical preoperative characteristics distributed through both groups of patients. Male gender (%) Age DM (%) SH (%) CKD (%) COPD (%) VD (%) Stable angina (%) Unstable angina (%) AMI < 3 months (%) HF (%) Stroke (%) Reoperation (%) U/E CABG sugery (%) Aditive EuroSCORE > or = 6 points(%)
G1 (257) 68.1 74.0 ± 3.2 29.6 83.3 3.1 7.8 18.3 63.8 28.0 13.6 2.3 4.3 5.1 28.0
G2 (776) 72.8 58.0 ± 7.8 28.6 85.6 1.3 7.2 10.7 66.6 26.5 15.1 2.6 2.4 7.2 26.7
P 0.151 <0.001 0.812 0.366 0.093 0.783 0.002 0.448 0.685 0.612 1.0 0.136 0.252 0.682
36.2
8.4
<0.001
SH= systemic hypertension; CKD = chronic kidney disease; DM= diabetes mellitus; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; VD= vascular disease; AMI= acute myocardial infarction; HF= heart failure; Stroke/CVA cerebrovascular accident; U/E CABG = urgent or emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery; EuroSCORE = Additive European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation Table 2. Cineangiocoronariographic and surgical operation characteristics in both groups of patients Lesão de 1 vaso (%) Lesão de 2 vasos (%) Lesão de 3 vasos (%) LTCE (%) TCEC min Anastomoses/paciente mediana (IC95%) Enxerto de ATI (%)
G1 (257) 0,0 7,8 54,5 37,7 76,2±27,6
G2 (776) 0,4 8,0 64,8 26,8 73,6±26,9
P 0,007 0,007 0,007 0,001 0,182
4 (1 a 5) 93,0
3 (1 a 4) 95,5
0,017 0,141
LCAD = left main coronary artery disease; ECCT= extracorporeal circulation time // CPBT cardiopulmonary bypass time; CI = confidence interval; ITA = internal thoracic artery
Table 4 shows that the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥ 70 years (P = 0.004), and the presence of PVD (P = 0.007) were factors associated with increased hospital mortality. Age ≥ 70 years was the only factor associated requiring reoperation for hemostasis review (P = 0.002) and postoperative sepsis (P = 0.002). The main variables associated with postoperative respiratory complications after surgeries were as follows: Age ≥ 70 years (P <0.001), PVD (P = 0.006), myocardial infarction < three months after CABG (P = 0.001), and lesion of the left main coronary artery (P = 0.020). 48
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
Table 3. Postoperative outcomes in both groups of patients G1 (257) Hospital mortality (%) 23(8,9) Hemostasis review (%) 31 (12,1) Post-AMI (%) 15 (5,8) Respiratory Complications (%) 55 (21,4) AKI (%) 20 (7,8) CVA/Stroke (%) 10 (3,9) Sepsis (%) 10 (3,9) Mediastinitis (%) 13 (5,1) Atrial Fibrillation (%) 40 (15,6) CAVb (%) 9 (3,5)
G2 (776) 28 (3,6) 47 (6,1) 43 (5,5) 71 (9,1) 10 (1,3) 10 (1,3) 7 (0,9) 15 (1,9) 76 (9,8) 9 (1,2)
P 0,001 0,003 0,876 <0,001 <0,001 0,016 0,003 0,013 0,016 0,023
AMI = acute myocardial infarction; AKI = acute kidney injury; stroke/CVA = cerebrovascular accident; CAVb = complete atrioventricular block
Table 4. Predictive factors of post-operative complications by logistic regression analysis Hospital mortality Age > 70 years VD Homeostasis review Age > 70 years Sepsis Age > 70 years Respiratory complications Age > 70 years VD AMI > 3 months LACD Stroke/CVA Age > 70 years DM COPD Previous stroke/CVA Mediastinitis Age > 70 years Unstable angina CKD AKI Age > 70 years IRC IAM > three months Atrial fibrillation Age > 70 years DM VD CAVb Age > 70 years CKD
OR
IC95%
P
2.315 2.434
1.296 a 4.136 1.263 a 4.689
0.004 0.007
2.201
1.355 a 3.601
0.002
5.026
1.847 a 13.679
0.002
2.537 1.998 2.302 1.614
1.702 1.216 1.428 1.079
<0.001 0.006 0.001 0.020
a a a a
3.784 3.284 3.710 2.414
2.852 2.602 7.020 20.705
1.116 a 7.290 1.007 a 6.724 2.057 a 23.961 3.560 a 120.433
0.029 0.048 0.002 0.001
2.613 3.133 5.247
1.193 a 5.724 1.418 a 6.922 1.217 a 22.616
0.016 0.004 0.026
6.015 12.918 4.206
2.672 a 13.542 3.009 a 55.453 1.717 a 10.303
<0.001 0.006 0.001
1.646 2.046 1.963
1.075 a 2.522 1.355 a 3.089 1.181 a 3.264
0.021 0.007 0.009
2.905 9.328
1.102 a 7.654 1.561 a 55.739
0.031 0.014
VD = vascular disease; AMI = acute myocardialinfarction; LCAD = left main coronary artery disease; Stroke/CVA = cerebrovascular accident; DM=diabetes mellitus; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonar disease; CKD = chronic kidney disease; AKI = acute kidney injury; CAVb = complete atrioventricular block
Rocha ASC, et al. - Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
The factors associated with mediastinitis were age ≥ 70 years (P = 0.016), unstable angina (P = 0.004), and CKD (P = 0.026). The factors associated with postoperative stroke were age ≥ 70 years (P = 0.029), diabetes (P = 0.048), COPD (P = 0.002), and previous stroke (CVA) (P = 0.001). AKI in the postoperative period was associated with age ≥ 70 years (P <0.001), CKD (P = 0.006, OR = 12.91), and MI < three months after CABG (P = 0.001). Factors associated with postoperative FA were age ≥ 70 years (P = 0.021), DM (P = 0.006), and PVD (P = 0.009). Factors associated with postoperative CAVb were age ≥ 70 years (P = 0.031), and CRF (P = 0.014). There was no significant difference between G1 and G2 in relation to the occurrence of circulatory shock requiring IAB pump (13.6% vs. 10.6%, P = 0.211).
dysfunction, and stroke (CVA). They also required more vasopressors than patients < 70 years of age [5]. In another study at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, data from 2,985 patients undergoing CABG were prospectively collected. It was found that the operative mortality in patients of age = or > 80 years was 4.6%, in septuagenarians it was 2.2%, and in patients < 70 years of age it was 2.4% [6]. Naughton et al. [7] also compared the results in patients aged ≥ 75 years and aged 60-74 years undergoing CABG. Operative mortality (30 days) in the patients aged > 75 years was 5% compared to 1.8% in the younger patients (aged 60-74 years). The logistic regression analysis showed that an age > 75 years was an independent factor for operative mortality. Peterson et al. [8] have analyzed the outcomes of CABG performed in 24,461 patients registered in the Medicare program in the United States. They found that the operative mortality was 11.5% in patients of age ≥ 80 years versus 4.4% in patients of age 65 to 70 years. On the other hand, Ng et al. [9] found no significant difference in hospital mortality of patients ≥ 70 years of age compared to those < 70 years old undergoing CABG (5.4% vs. 3.8%, respectively). When analyzing the outcomes of studies that did not compare elderly versus younger patients undergoing onpump CABG, it appears that the operative mortality varies widely ranging from 1.6% to 27% [10-12]. This implies different levels of preoperative risk of these patients. An analysis of the preoperative characteristics of the elderly patients involved in this study shows the presence of a more severe atherosclerotic damage compared to the younger patients. This is supported by the higher prevalence of vascular disease (cerebrovascular and peripheral) and CKD (Table 1). In Brazil, when considering the predictors of mortality in patients aged > 70 years undergoing CABG or valve replacement with CPB, Anderson et al. [13] reported a mortality rate of 8.3% for those undergoing isolated CABG. Souza et al. [12] found a 30-day hospital mortality rate of 8.5%, when analyzing the outcomes of CABG performed in 492 patients aged 70 years or over. Iglézias et al. [14] reported an operative mortality rate of 8.5% in a retrospective analysis of 47 octogenarians who underwent CABG at the Heart Institute, University of São Paulo (INCOR) between 1978 and 1993. In a retrospective study on the outcomes of isolated CABG in 144 patients aged ≥ 70 years, Deinninger et al. [15] observed an operative mortality rate of 5.5%. Almeida et al. [16] observed hospital mortality rate of 7.1%, when analyzing the outcomes of 70 patients after the eighth decade of life undergoing CABG. Pivatto et al. [17] described the hospital morbidity and mortality of 140 patients aged ≥ 80 years undergoing isolated or combined CABG. They have found an in-hospital mortality rate of 14.3%, distributed as follows: 10% for isolated CABG and 22% for CABG associated with
DISCUSSION The present study performed at a cardiology center, which is a reference in highly complex procedures, suggests that elderly patients of age ≥ 70 years are at increased risk of hospital mortality and postoperative complications of all sorts as compared to younger patients after CABG. In spite of patients aged ≥ 70 years present more comorbidities preoperatively than younger ones (Table 1), data adjustment by multivariate logistic regression analysis linked them to increased risk of operative mortality and postoperative complications. It was observed that the elderly patients were two times more likely to die during the procedure than patients < 70 years of age (Table 4). Furthermore, compared to younger patients, elderly patients are likely to have more post-operative complications (occurrence of atrial fibrillation = 1.6 times and development of AKI = 6 times) (Table 4). In this study, the higher mortality of aged patients after CABG is consistent with previous published results, in which the operative outcomes in elderly and younger patients were compared. In the study conducted by Johnson et al. [4], the influence of age alone on the outcome of heart surgery performed in octogenarian patients compared to younger patients was questioned. In a multivariate analysis, Johnson et al. demonstrated that 522 aged 80 years or older undergoing CABG had a higher risk of death, longer length of hospital stay, neurological complications, and need for reoperation to treat bleeding than non-octogenarians. Similarly, Alves, Jr. et al. [5] in a study involving 197 patients septuagenarians or elderly patients undergoing CABG and valve operations observed operative mortality of isolated CABG in septuagenarians compared to younger patients (19% versus 6%, respectively). These authors also demonstrated that septuagenarians had more postoperative bleeding, pulmonary complications, mediastinitis, kidney
49
Rocha ASC, et al. - Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):45-51
other cardiac surgeries. In this study, it was also reported that the most frequent complications were: low output (27.9%), kidney dysfunction (10%), and prolonged ventilatory support (9.6%) [17]. Assuming that off-pump CABG could bring benefits to patients at higher surgical risk for both operative mortality and postoperative complications, some investigators have compared the clinical outcomes of elderly patients undergoing on-pump versus off-pump CABG. Iglézias et al. [18] compared the clinical outcomes in patients aged ≥ 80 years undergoing on-pump versus off-pump CABG. They reported an operative hospital mortality rate much higher in on-pump CABG (38%) than in off-pump CABG (11.7%) [18]. However, other postoperative complications were similar. Thus, the incidence of myocardial infarction was 3.4% vs 2.8%; stroke (CVA) was 0% vs. 4%; assisted ventilation > 24 hours 27.4% vs 21.1% and reoperation 2.9% vs. 1.9%, respectively for on-pump vs. of-pump CABG [18]. In a similar analysis, Lee et al. [19] retrospectively compared the results of on-pump vs. off-pump CABG. They found that on-pump CABG had a higher mortality rate compared to off-pump CABG (11.5% vs. 2.1%, respectively). However, unlike Iglézias et al. [18], they observed a higher incidence of other postoperative complications: stroke (CVA) (11.5% vs. 0%); AF (30.8% vs. 12.8%), AKI (19.2% vs. 0%), respiratory failure (16% vs. 2.1%), dialysis (20% vs. 0%), mechanical ventilation > 24 h (24% vs. 4.3%) and AMI (8% vs. 4.3%) respectively in on-pump vs. off-pump CABG. In another study in which the in-hospital outcome of 87 patients aged ≥ 70 years that underwent off-pump CABG was analyzed, Silva et al. [20] observed a hospital mortality rate of 4.6%. Of these, the incidence of AF was observed in 32.2% of the patients, bronchopneumonia in 10.3%, sepsis in 3.4%, AMI in 2.3%, mediastinitis in 1.1%, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in 1.1%, and pneumothorax in 1.1%. However, contrary to all these studies, Saleh et al. [21] compared retrospectively isolated on-pump and off-pump CABG in 343 octogenarian patients who were matched by the propensity score. They observed no significant differences between on-pump and off-pump patients with regards in-hospital mortality rate, MI, and stroke. Conceptually speaking, the definition of an elderly individual based on the chronological factor is subject to errors, even though it lacks psychic, organic, and functional evidence [20]. In Brazil, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) classifies as elderly the individuals aged 60 or older, which obviously does not accurately reflect the biological state of them. This difficulty in the classification of elderly individuals extends to the moment in which they need a high complexity procedure, such as a heart surgery. The scores that assess the operative risk do not take into account the biological factor, which leads us to group patients with the same chronological status but
not necessarily with the same biological status [22]. As in this study, we did not assess the frailty [22] in patients undergoing CABG, there is no way to measure how many of them were vulnerable in their psychological and biological conditions, despite not having significant comorbidities.
50
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Like any other observational study, this is only a hypothesis generator study. However, depending on the number of patients involved, it is reasonable to assume that the results are representative of current clinical practice in our country. Because all patients underwent on-pump CABG, it is obviously that we could not verify whether offpump surgery would bring any different result than observed. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that patients age ≥ 70 years are at increased risk of death and other complications after CABG compared with younger patients.
REFERENCES 1. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (homepage). Brasília, DF. Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão; (tábuas completas de mortalidade 2008; comunicação social em 01.12.2009; acessado em 01.05.2011). Disponível em: http:/ /www.ibge.gov.br. 2. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Edwards FH, Ewy GA, Gardner TJ, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Society for Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110(9):1168-76. 3. Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS); European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Euro Heart J. 2010;31(20):2501-55. 4. Johnson WM, Smith JM, Woods SE, Hendy MP, Hiratzha LF. Cardiac surgery in octogenarians: does age alone influence outcomes? Arch Surg. 2005;140(11):1089-93.
Rocha ASC, et al. - Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery
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5. Alves Jr. L, Rodrigues AJ, Évora PRB, Basseto S, Scorzoni Filho A, Luciano PM, et al. Fatores de risco em septuagenários ou mais idosos submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio e ou operações valvares. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(4):550-5.
14. Iglézias JCR, Dallan LA, Oliveira SF, Ramires JAF, Oliveira SA, Verginelli G, et al. Revascularização do miocárdio no pacientes octogenário: 15 anos de observação. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1993;8(3):237-40.
6. Filsoufi F, Rahmanian PB, Castillo JG, Chikwe J, Silvay G, Adams DH. Results and predictors of early and late outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in octogenarians. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21(6):784-92.
15. Deinninger MO, Oliveira OG, Guedes MGA, Deininger EDG, Cavalcanti ACW, Cavalcanti MGFW, et al. Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no idoso: estudo descritivo de 144 casos. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1999;14(2):88-97.
7. Naughton C, Feneck RO, Roxburgh J. Early and late predictors of mortality following on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the elderly as compared to younger population. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36(4):621-7.
16. Almeida RMS, Lima Jr JD, Martins JF, Loures DRR. Revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes após a oitava década de vida. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2002;17(2):8-14.
8. Peterson ED, Cowper PA, Jollis JG, Bebchuck JD, DeLong ER, Muhlbaier LH, et al. Outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 24,461 patients aged 80 years or older. Circulation. 1995;92(9 Suppl):II85-91.
17. Pivatto Jr F, Kalil RAK, Costa AR, Pereira EMC, Santos EZ, Valle FH, et al. Morbimortalidade em octogenários submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1):41-6.
9. Ng CY, Ramli MF, Awang Y. Coronary bypass surgery in patients aged 70 years and over: mortality, morbidity, length of stay and hospital cost. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2004;12(3):218-23.
18. Iglézias JCR, Chi A, Talans A, Dallan LAO, Lourenço Jr A, Stolf NAG. Desfechos clínicos pós-revascularização do miocárdio no paciente idoso. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(2):229-33.
10. Iglézias JCR, Oliveira Jr JL, Dallan LAO, Lourenção Jr A, Stolf NAG. Preditores de mortalidade hospitalar no paciente idoso portador de doença arterial coronária. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2001;16(2):94-104.
19. Lima RC, Diniz R, Césio A, Vasconcelos F, Gesteira M, Menezes AM, et al. Revascularização miocárdica em pacientes octogenários: estudo retrospectivo e comparativo entre pacientes operados com e sem circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2005;20(1):8-13.
11. Krane M, Voss B, Hiebinger A, Deutsch MA, Wottke M, Hapfelmeier A, et al. Twenty years of cardiac surgery in patients aged 80 years and older: risks and benefits. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(2):506-13. 12. Souza JM, Berlinck MF, Moreira MG, Martins JRM, Moreira MCS, Oliveira PAF, et al. Revascularização miocárdica em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1990;5(3):141-8. 13. Anderson AJPG, Barros Neto FXR, Costa MA, Dantas LD, Hueb AC, Prata MF. Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes acima de 70 anos na revascularização miocárdica ou troca valvar com circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):69-75.
20. Silva AMRP, Campagnucci VP, Pereira WL, Rosa RF, Franken RA, Gandra SMA, et al. Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em idosos: análise da morbidade mortalidade. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(1):40-5. 21. Saleh HZ, Shaw M, Fabri BM, Chalmers JA. Does avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass confer any benefits in octogenarians undergoing coronary surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;12(3):435-9. 22. Sündermann S, Dademasch A, Praetorius J, Kempfert J, Dewey T, Falk V, et al. Comprehensive assessment of frailty for elderly high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39(1):33-7.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality Características clínico-demográficas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e sua relação com a mortalidade
Eduardo Lafaiette de Oliveira1, Glauco Adrieno Westphal2, Marco Fabio Mastroeni3
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120009 Abstract Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and to test their relation to mortality. Methods: This study was a retrospective medical record review of 655 consecutive patients undergoing CABG from May 2002 to April 2010. Results: Of the 655 patients, 12.1% died during the hospital stay. Mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females (17.3%), aged < 70 years (22.8%), in emergency surgery (36.4%), in cases of readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (33.3%), when the stay in the ICU was < three days (16.3%), undergoing longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and with more comorbidities (15.4%). Predictor variables of death identified with logistical regression analysis were: female (OR=2.04), age > 70 years (OR=2.69), emergency surgery (OR=15.43) and urgency (OR=3.81), performance of CPB (OR=2.19) and readmission to the ICU (OR=4.33). Conclusion: Variables such as female sex, increased age, type of surgery, readmission to the ICU, ICU stay, comorbidities, and duration of CPB influence the outcome
RBCCV 44205-1350 death in patients undergoing CABG. Thus, such aspects should be considered to reduce hospital mortality in patients undergoing such surgery. Descriptors: Coronary Artery Bypass; cardiovascular diseases; medical records; hospital mortality. Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicodemográficas e testar sua relação com a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido a partir dos prontuários de 655 pacientes submetidos à CRM, no período de maio de 2002 a abril de 2010. Resultados: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 12,1%. A mortalidade foi significativamente (P<0,05) maior em indivíduos do sexo feminino (17,3%), com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos (22,8%), em cirurgias de emergência (36,4%), nos casos de reinternação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) (33,3%), quando a permanência foi inferior a três dias na UTI (16,3%), submetidos a maior tempo de
1. Hans Dieter Schmidt Regional Hospital. Intensive Care Unit. Joinville-SC. Brasil. 2. Municipal São José Municipal Hospital, General Intensive Care Unit. Joinville-SC, Brasil. 3. University of the Region of Joinville/UNIVILLE. Master’s Program in Health and Environment. Joinville-SC. Brasil.
Correspondence Adress: Marco Fabio Mastroeni Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 – Campus Universitário – Zona Industrial Joinville, SC, Brazil – Zip Code 89219-710. E-mail: marco.mastroeni@univille.br
Work performed at Health and Environment MsC Program. Universidade da Região de Joinville (UNIVILLE), Joinville, SC, Brasil.
Article received on October 25th, 2011 Article accepted on January 20th, 2012
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Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols CPB POC CABG CVD DM SD COPD RD SAH HDSRH AMI OR MSTS SPSS ICU
cardiopulmonary bypass Prosthesis and Orthosis Centre coronary artery bypass graft surgery cerebrovascular diseases diabetes mellitus standard deviation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease renal disease systemic arterial hypertension Hans Dieter Schmidt Regional Hospital acute myocardial infarction odds ratio Medical and Statistics Treatment Service Statistical Package for the Social Science intensive care unit
INTRODUCTION CABG is a widely used therapeutic modality in the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease [1]. In Brazil, 63,272 CABGs were conducted from 2005 to 2007, which represents 340 CABGs per million inhabitants. The mortality rate for this type of surgery in Brazil (6.2%) [2] contrasts with that in developed countries such as Portugal (1.2%) [3], Canada (1.7%) [4], and the United States (2.9%) [5]. The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among patients undergoing CABG in Brazil seems to account for the high rate of postoperative mortality in this population. The incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among Brazilian patients is significantly higher compared to that among patients in developed countries (prevalence of systemic arteral hypertension (SAH) [90.7% vs. 60.0%], acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [23.5% vs. 2%], and diabetes mellitus (DM) [37.2% vs. 29.0%]). It is likely that the higher frequency of these risk factors has resulted in longer hospital length of stay (12.7 days) [7] for Brazilian patients undergoing CABG than the average hospital length of stay in countries such as Portugal (7.6 days) [3] and Canada (6.7 days) [4]. In Southern Brazil, there is a lack of information about specific perioperative complications associated with CABG. This study aims to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing CABG in a public hospital and a reference center in Southern Brazil, and to assess the relationship of these characteristics with mortality. METHODS This is a retrospective, descriptive study of patients who underwent CABG in a public hospital in Southern
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e com maior número de comorbidades (15,4%). As variáveis preditoras de óbito identificadas pela análise de regressão logística foram: sexo feminino (OR=2,04); idade ≥ 70 anos (OR=2,69); cirurgias em caráter de emergência (OR=15,43) e de urgência (OR=3,81); realização de CEC (OR=2,19) e reinternação na UTI (OR=4,33). Conclusão: Sexo, idade, tipo de cirurgia, reinternação na UTI, permanência na UTI, comorbidades e tempo de CEC influenciaram no desfecho óbito do paciente submetido à CRM. Dessa forma, tais aspectos devem ser considerados para diminuir o óbito hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de cirurgia. Descritores: Revascularização miocárdica. Ponte de artéria coronária. Mortalidade hospitalar.
Brazil. The study included medical records of all the patients who underwent CABG alone from May 2002 to April 2010. Patients whose medical records were unavailable or did not meet minimum requirements for the collection of information for reasons such as poor maintenance, illegibility or incompleteness were excluded from the analysis Data collection Data were collected from two sources: the Prosthesis and Orthosis Centre (POC) and the Medical and Statistics Treatment Service, (MSTS), both based at the Hans Dieter Schmidt Regional Hospital (HDSRH) in Joinville-SC. Information obtained from the POC included the date of surgery, the patient’s record number, the patient’s name, the type of surgical procedure, the patient’s city of origin and the name of the medical team that performed the surgery. Using the record number and the name of the patient undergoing CABG, the researcher collected data from the patients’ medical records at MSTS. Data collected retrieved from the medical records included sex, age, marital status, presence of comorbidities, history of prior CABG, surgical team A/B or C, emergency/ urgent or elective status of the surgery, number of coronary grafts, use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), CPB duration, aortic clamping duration, direct and indirect costs associated with the procedure, length of ICU stay before and after CABG, readmission to the ICU, and patient outcome of discharge or death. In order to assess the relationship of clinical and demographic variables to mortality, the analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel® 2007. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical 53
Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., version 16.0, Chicago, IL) software. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). To investigate the association between mortality and the predictor variables, we used the Chi-Squared test or Fisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exact test when necessary. To compare two means with normal distributions, Studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s t-test for independent samples was employed. For comparison of more than two means, one-way ANOVA was used. In cases of non-normal distributions, the MannWhitney test was used for comparisons of two samples, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons of more than two samples. Normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with unconditional logistic regression. A bivariate analysis was used to assess the crude effect of each independent variable on the outcome studied. The Enter method, following the theoretical model and respecting the hierarchical levels, was used in a multivariate analysis to observe the effects of the variables adjusted to each other within each block. The block of demographic variables was considered as the first level, and the inclusion of other variables was performed in the second block. To avoid the exclusion of possible confounding factors, any variables with p<0.20 at any level were maintained in the model until the end, regardless of whether significance was lost with the introduction of other variables from a lower hierarchical level.
The quality of the bivariate model fit was evaluated with the 2 Log Likelihood test. The crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were estimated, as well as the 95% confidence intervals of variables that remained in the model. All tests were considered significant when p<0.05. Ethical aspect The study met the requirements of Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council/Ministry of Health, which regulates research involving human subjects. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of HDSRH, Case No. 09023/2009. RESULTS Of 672 medical records of patients exclusively undergoing CABG during the study period, 17 (2.5%) were excluded from the analysis: eight were incomplete and nine were not found. The final sample consisted of 655 records. The mean number of CABG per year was 72.8 (SD=35.7). Table 1 describes the general characteristics of the individual undergoing CABG in relation to the outcome: patient discharge or death. According to the 655 medical records analyzed, 12.1% (n=79) of the patients died, and the incidence of death was significantly higher in females (female: 17.3% vs. male: 9.8%, p<0.008). Among the patients who died, 70.1% were male, their ages ranging from 50 to 59 years (34.0%), 97.3% were Caucasians, and subjects married
Table 1. General characteristics of 655 patients undergoing CABG according to the rates of hospital discharge and death. Joinville-SC, Brazil, 2010. Characteristics
Sex Male Female Age (years) < 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 > 70 Ethnic group White Other Marital status Married/Consensual union Other Age (years)
SD: Standard deviation
54
Outcome Discharge % n 90.2 414 82.7 162
Total Death n % 45 9.8 34 17.3
(n=655) n % 459 70.1 196 29.9
P
<0.008
<0.002 12 86 204 179 95
85.7 92.5 91.5 88.6 77.2
2 7 19 23 28
14.3 7.5 8.5 11.4 22.8
14 93 223 202 123
2.2 14.2 34.0 30.8 18.8
560 16
87.9 88.9
77 2
12.1 11.1
637 18
97.2 2.8
445 131 Mean 59.2
89.2 84.0 SD 9.9
54 25 Mean 64.4
10.8 16.0 SD 11.4
499 156 n 655
76.2 23.8 % 100
0.628
0.082
<0.003
Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
or living in a consensual union (76.2%) were predominant. The rate of mortality was significantly higher (p<0.002) in patients older than 70 years (22.8%). The mean age of patients who died was 64.4 years (SD=11.4), significantly higher (P<0.003) than the age of survivors. Although the difference was not significant (p=0.082), individuals who were married or in a consensual union were predominant (16.0%) among the group whose outcome was death (Table 1). In Table 2, the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing CABG are grouped according to whether the outcome was patient discharge or death. The largest number of surgeries (42.3%) was performed by surgical team A. Elective surgeries were the most frequent (49.6%), although the mortality rate was significantly higher in subjects who underwent emergency surgery (36.4%). Only
six (0.9%) patients underwent a prior CABG. Three or more grafts were required in 58.8% of the CABG performed. CPB was performed in 81.4% of the cases and it was used for 90 or more minutes in 59.7% of cases. The mean CPB duration was significantly higher (P<0.003) in patients who died (105 min, SD=40.5 min). Aortic clamping lasted for more than 60 minutes in 64.8% of patients. A gradual but insignificant decrease in mortality was observed as a reduction in the duration of this procedure. The presence of comorbidities was predominant, with three or more types present at admission for 52.5% of the individuals; this number of comorbidities was significantly (P=0.022) more frequent in subjects who were discharged (84.6%). However, the mean number of comorbidities was significantly (P<0.008) higher in the patients who died (2.9, SD=1.0). Smoking was observed in 46.6% of all cases.
Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing CABG according to the rates of hospital discharge and death. Joinville-SC, Brazil, 2010. Characteristics
Outcome Discharge % n
Surgical team* Team A Team B Team C Surgery status* Emergency Urgency Elective History of prior CABG* No Yes Number of coronary grafts* 1-2 >3 Use of CPB* No Yes CPB duration (min)† < 90 > 90 Aortic clamping duration (min)† < 30 30 - 60 > 60 Number of comorbidities* <2 2 >3 Smoking* No Yes CPB duration (min)† Number of comorbidities*
Total
P
Death n
%
n
% 0.671
241 150 185
87.0 89.8 87.7
36 17 26
13.0 10.2 12.3
277 167 211
42.3 25.5 32.2
7 267 302
63.6 83.7 93.0
4 52 23
36.4 16.3 7.0
11 319 325
1.7 48.7 49.6
571 5
88.0 83.3
78 1
12.0 16.7
649 6
99.1 0.9
239 337
88.5 87.5
31 48
11.5 12.5
270 385
41.2 58.8
113 463
92.6 86.9
9 70
7.4 13.1
122 533
18.6 81.4
192 271
89.3 85.2
23 47
10.7 14.8
215 318
40.3 59.7
13 153 297
92.9 87.9 86.0
1 21 48
7.1 12.1 14.0
14 174 345
2.6 32.6 64.8
72 213 291
91.1 91.8 84.6
7 19 53
8.9 8.2 15.4
81 232 344
12.1 35.4 52.5
308 268 Mean 92.2 2.6
88.0 87.9 SD 30.2 0.9
42 37 Mean 105,0 2,9
12.0 12.1 SD 40.5 1.0
350 305 n 533 655
53.4 46.6 % 100 100
<0.001
0.539
0.703
0.078
0.171
0.755
0.022
0.959
<0.003 <0.008
CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; SD: Standard deviation; *: (n=655); †: (n=533)
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Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
Table 3. Hospital length of stay of patients undergoing CABG according to the rates of hospital discharge and death. Joinville-SC, Brazil, 2010. Characteristics
Outcome Discharge % n
Readmission to the ICU* No Yes Length of ICU stay (days)* <3 >3 Pre-operative stay (days)* <3 >3 Postoperative stay (days)* <3 >3 Total hospital stay (days)* < 10 > 10
P
Total Death n
%
n
% <0.002
560 16
88.7 66.7
71 8
11.3 33.3
631 24
96.3 3.7
252 324
83.7 91.5
49 30
16.3 8.5
301 354
46.0 54.0
145 431
91.2 86.9
14 65
8.8 13.1
159 496
24.3 75.7
406 170
87.5 89.0
58 21
12.5 11.0
464 191
70.8 29.2
148 428
84.1 89.4
28 51
15.9 10.6
176 479
26.9 73.1
<0.003
0.147
0.591
0.067
ICU: Intensive Care Unit; *: (n=655); â&#x20AC; : (n=533) Table 4. Results of simple and multiple logistical regression analyses comparing the outcome variables of hospital discharge and death in 655 patients undergoing CABG. Joinville, SC-Brazil, 2010. Variable ORb
Bivariate analysis CI95%
Sex Male Female
1.00 1.93
Marital status Married/Consensual union Other
1.00 1.57
Age (years) < 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 > 70
1.00 1.01 1.39 3.20
Surgery status Emergency Urgency Elective
7.50 2.55 1.00
Use of CPB No Yes
1.00 1.89
0.920 - 3.915
Readmission to the ICU No Yes
1.00 3.94
1.629-9.545
Total hospital stay (days) < 10 > 10
1.00 0.63
0.383 - 1.036
Number of comorbidities <2 2 >3
1.00 0.91 1.87
0.370 - 2.272 0.817 - 4.293
P <0.007
1.00 2.04
1.194 - 3.123
Multivariate analysis CI95%
0.730 1.00 1.10
0.942 - 2.626
0.617 - 1.992
<0.001
<0.007 1.00 0.83 1.28 2.69
0.443 - 2.323 0.623 - 3.142 1.439 - 7.159
0.350 - 2.009 0.545 - 3.029 1.151 - 6.322
<0.001 2.046-27.519 1.524 - 4.291
P <0.030
1.188 - 3.522
0.083
<0.001 15.43 3.81 1.00
3.599- 66.220 2.091 - 6.971
0.083
<0.050 1.00 2.19
1.008 - 4.769
<0.003
<0.004 1.00 4.33
1.628 -11.522
0.069
<0.001 1.00 0.26
0.143 - 0.494
<0.030
CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; ICU: Intensive Care Unit
56
ORa
<0.050 1.00 0.92 1.86
0.353 - 2.410 0.774 - 4.489
Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
Although it was not a significant difference, the mortality rate was also higher among patients of surgical team A (13.0%) who also underwent prior CABG (16.7%), who underwent three or more CABGs (12.5%), who underwent CPB (13.1%), whose duration of CPB was > 90 minutes (14.8%), whose duration of aortic clamping was > 60 minutes (14.0%), whose pre-operative stay was longer than three days (13.1%), whose postoperative stay was shorter than three days (12.5%), whose total length of stay was shorter than ten days (15.9%), and who were smokers (12.1%). The hospital length of stay of patients undergoing CABG grouped by hospital discharge and death outcomes can be seen in Table 3. The patients were not readmitted to the ICU in 96.3% of cases; of these, 11.3% died, a significantly (p<0.002) lower percentage than that of those discharged from the hospital (88.7%). The majority of the patients (54.0%) remained in the ICU for three or more days; of these, most of them (91.5%) were discharged from the hospital. The percentage of patients discharged from the hospital was significantly higher (p<0.003) than that of those who died (8.5%). The pre-operative stay was shorter than three days for 75.7% of subjects, but 29.2% of patients remained hospitalized for three or more days after surgery. The total hospital length of stay was at least ten days for 73.1% of the patients (Table 3).
Table 4 presents the results of the crude and adjusted analyses of the predictor variables associated with the outcome of hospital death. In the analysis of the first block, three demographic variables were included according to the statistical criteria previously established. In the second block, five variables were included. The variable of marital status was maintained in the model, although it did not demonstrate a significant association (P=0.083) in the analysis of the first block. The variables corresponding to the clinical variables and associated with patient hospitalization were evaluated at the second level of the theoretical model. The following predictor values were significantly associated with hospital death: female gender (OR=2.04, P<0.030), age > 70 years (OR=2.69, P<0.007), emergency surgery (OR=15.43, P<0.001) and urgent surgery (OR=3.81, P<0.001), performance of CPB (OR=2.19, P<0.050), and readmission to ICU (OR=4.33, P<0.004). A total hospital stay longer than 10 days was protective of (OR=0.26, P<0.001) hospital mortality, even after adjustment. Although the risk was attenuated by adjusted analysis, an age of more than 70 years constituted a risk factor for hospital death (OR=2.69; P<0.007). Table 5 shows the association between comorbidities and patient discharge and death outcomes of those undergoing CABG during the study period. Hypertension, renal disease (RD), and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD)
Table 5. Comorbidities associated with discharge and death outcomes in 655 patients undergoing CABG. Joinville-SC, Brazil, 2010. Comorbidities
Outcome
P
Discharge Heart disease No Yes Diabetes Mellitus No Yes Hypertension No Yes Dyslipidemia No Yes Renal disease No Yes COPD No Yes Cerebrovascular disease No Yes
Death
n
%
n
%
32 544
88.9 87.9
4 75
11.1 12.1
390 186
89.0 85.7
48 31
11.0 14.3
102 474
93.6 86.8
7 72
6.4 13.2
467 109
87.5 90.1
67 12
12.5 9.9
563 13
88.7 65.0
72 7
11.3 35.0
447 129
88.9 84.9
56 23
11.1 15.1
556 20
88.5 74.1
72 7
11.5 25.1
0.857
0.219
<0.050
0.423
<0.001
0.185
<0.030
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
57
Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
were individually and significantly associated with an outcome of death. Individuals who died also had higher frequencies of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (12.1%, 14.3% and 15.1%, respectively) although these frequencies were not significantly higher.
In this study, surgery classified as emergency or urgent surgery was also identified as a predictor of hospital death. Of the 79 patients who died during hospitalization, the majority (56) underwent emergency or urgent surgery. Apparently, the large number of urgent and emergency cases observed in this study had a negative impact on the overall mortality rate. These findings partially support the results of other similar studies, in which a higher mortality rate is observed in urgent and emergency CABG compared with elective CABG. However, the hospital mortality rate associated with non-elective surgeries observed in these studies is quite variable (3.1% to 27.3%) [6,11,15,16]. The mortality rate associated with elective CABG (7.0%) is high compared with that observed in most of the international studies (1.2% to 2.9%) [3-5,7]. Nonetheless, it approaches the values observed in Brazilian studies (5.4% and 6.2%) [2-6,18]. The variability in mortality rates observed in different studies of patients undergoing emergency and urgent CABG, as well as the higher mortality rates observed in Brazil (compared with that in other countries) suggests that other aspects associate to mortality are involved, such as the small number of CABGs performed and underlying problems. The low number of surgical procedures (72.8, SD=35.7 CABG/year) performed at the hospital where the study was conducted may have increased the effect of urgent and emergency surgery status on the rate of mortality. Noronha et al. (2004) demonstrated that the less the surgeries performed in a hospital, the greater the rate of mortality [19]. Hannan et al. (2003) found a mortality rate of 2.9% in a hospital with as low as 100 surgeries/year, whereas in hospitals with up to 800 surgeries/year, the mortality rate was 2.1% [5]. An analysis of 439 North American hospitals revealed that the performance of a low number of surgeries was associated with higher rates of mortality (3.5%) compared with hospitals where the number of surgeries performed was higher (2.4%) [20]. Regarding infrastructure, Sรก et al. (2010) reported that higher rates of in-hospital mortality were associated with CABGs performed in public institutions than with those performed in private hospitals [21]. This observation may be related to both the underlying problems of the institutions where the surgical procedure was performed and to infrastructure, which are difficulties frequently observed in public institutions. Hindered access to services and delays in services, whether basic or more complex health services, may result in the worsening of coronary artery disease and possible comorbidities, resulting in patients with limited physiologic reserves [6,7,21]. Among the comorbidities evaluated, a history of hypertension, RD and CVD influenced the outcome. In contrast, other comorbidities influenced the mortality when present in combination. These findings are corroborated
DISCUSSION CABG is considered the gold standard treatment for coronary artery disease. It is the main choice to improve the quality of life and increase survival in patients suffering from this condition. This benefit, however, may be limited by several clinical, demographic and structural aspects. The findings of this study indicated that the hospital mortality of patients undergoing CABG was high and that there is a clear association between mortality and several clinical and demographic characteristics discussed below. The global mortality rate of 12.1% among the population studied was considerably higher than the national average mortality rate (6.2%) and the international average mortality rate (1.2 to 2.9%) [2-6]. A careful analysis of the aspects supporting these data is required in this situation. Vogt et al., in a German multicenter study in 2000, observed that the mortality rates related to all types of heart surgery ranged between 0.9% and 10.7%. Although higher rates of mortality can be an evidence of poor quality of care, this interpretation cannot be conclusive because some specific demographic and clinical aspects may influence the outcome [6]. The number of people over the age of 65 has doubled in the last 30 years ranging from 7% to 14% of the world population. This older population includes potential candidates for coronary artery disease and, consequently, for CABG. Similarly, the number of patients over the age of 65 years undergoing cardiac surgery has substantially increased as well [7]. In this study, this older population represented more than 40% of the sample, which may partially explain the high mortality rate observed. The mortality rate related to CABG and observed in studies restricted to the elderly population tends to be higher (9.3% to 16.3%) [8-10]. In studies of more heterogeneous populations, the mean age of the non-survivors is usually significantly higher [3,11-14]. These data corroborate the results presented here, where an age over 70 years old is associated with a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of a hospital death after CABG. Treatment of elderly patients is challenging, considering the high risk for surgery caused by their lower physiological reserves, the increased prevalence of comorbidities and a higher likelihood of symptoms. These conditions can result in urgent or emergency surgery, another factor that influences the rate of mortality [6-9]. 58
Oliveira EL, et al. - Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their relation to mortality
by other studies in which the presence of preexisting comorbidities such as hypertension, RD, CVD, previous AMI, diabetes, and COPD in patients undergoing CABG was associated with a higher incidence of pulmonary, renal, and brain-vascular complications. These variables are predictive of hospital readmission and are directly related to mortality [5,16,18,22-24]. Although it is the gold standard, CABG performed with CPB has been questioned because of the deleterious effects of the CPB. In this study, an individual who underwent CPB was 2.19 times more likely to die than those not undergoing this procedure. Moreover, CPB of longer duration activates the immune system and clears inflammatory mediators, resulting in several organ dysfunctions. As a result, postoperative complication is more likely to increase along with the duration of CPB [12,25,26]. In this study, the association between a longer CPB duration and an increased mortality rate was observed, confirming the reports of other authors that the duration of CPB was significantly longer in the non-survivor group. Similarly, Brito et al. (2009) observed that CPB duration longer than 115 minutes is a risk factor for postoperative complications [22]. Anderson et al. (2011) revealed that the duration of CPB was significantly longer among nonsurvivors than among survivors [27]. The number of women in the sample was smaller than the number of men, and the risk observed was almost twice as high among women. These findings, as well as the proportion of women within the sample, resemble the results of other studies. Elucidating the aspects that lead to this difference in the mortality rate for women undergoing CABG has been the goal of many researchers. The most accepted theory for this gender gap is that women who require CABG are patients with more risk factors. The fact that they tend to be older, with lower body mass and smaller coronary arteries, causes technical difficulties during surgery. Women also present with more comorbidities, such as DM (female: 44% vs. male: 32.5%), valve abnormalities (female: 14.9% vs. male: 8.9%), unstable angina (female: 11.3% vs. male: 7.9%) and hypertension (female: 71.0% vs. male: 49, 0%) [4,6,7,10,14,28-31]. The limitations of this study are somewhat inherent in its design; retrospective studies are subject to biases associated with the quality of the original data collection. Moreover, although it is impossible to confirm either the duration between a procedure and the point at which it was indicated or the reason for any waiting, increases in waiting time may be caused by the obvious shortcomings of the local health system; these same shortcomings lead to poor access to outpatient services and hospitalization. The lack of surgical risk stratification for specific scores in the data set poses another limitation to the study, given that the severity of cases can influence the rate of mortality.
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):52-60
CONCLUSION The results indicate that female sex, increased age, emergency surgery status, readmission to the ICU, ICU admission, duration of CPB and the presence and number of comorbidities were the main clinical and demographic characteristics associated with an increased mortality rate. The growing number of elderly patients in the population increases the likelihood that these characteristics occur together in a single patient and results in an additive effect of their likely negative effects on mortality rates. Therefore, to minimize post-surgical risks, it is essential that older patients and those with comorbidities be carefully monitored to avoid late indications of CABG.
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the elderly- our experience. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;27(1):15-9.
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9. Loures DRR, Carvalho RG, Mulinari L, Silva Jr. AZ, Schmidlin CA, Brommelströet M, et al. Cirurgia cardíaca no idoso. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2000;15(1):1-5. 10. Vogt A, Grube E, Glunz HG, Hauptmann KE, Sechtem U, Mäurer W, et al. Determinants of mortality after cardiac surgery: results of the Registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte (ALKK) on 10525 patients. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(1):28-32. 11. Feier FH, Sant’Anna RT, Garcia E, Bacco FW, Perreira E, Santos MF, et al. Modificações no perfil do paciente submetido à operação de revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2005;20(3):317-22. 12. Vegni R, Almeida GF, Braga F, Freitas M, Dumond LE, Penna G, et al. Complicações após cirurgias de revascularização miocárdica em pacientes idosos. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):226-34. 13. Guaragna JCVC, Bolsi DC, Jaeder CP, Melchior R, Petracco JB, Facchi LM, et al. Preditores de disfunção neurológica maior após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2006;21(2):173-7. 14. Veras KN, Mendes Filho JL, Costa PHM, Medeiros PR, Martins SN, Vasconcelos JTP. Gênero e mortalidade em cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2003;15(1):19-25. 15. Pivatto Júnior F, Kalil RAK, Costa AR, Pereira EMC, Santos EZ, Valle FH, et al. Morbimortalidade em octogenários submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1):41-6. 16. Alves Júnior L, Rodrigues AJ, Évora PRB, Basseto S, Scorzoni Junior A, Luciano PM, et al. Fatores de risco em septuagenários ou mais idosos submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio e ou operações valvares. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(4):550-5. 17. Oliveira TML, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH, Silva NAS, Godoy PH. Mortalidade e complicações da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2003. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):303-12. 18. Ortiz LDN, Schaan CW, Leguisamo CP, Tremarin K, Mattos WLLD, Kalil RAK, et al. Incidência de complicações pulmonares na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):441-7. 19. Noronha JC, Martins M, Travassos C, Campos MR, Maia P, Panezzuti R. Aplicação da mortalidade hospitalar após a realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio para monitoramento do cuidado hospitalar. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(sup 2):322-30.
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21. Sá MPBO, Soares EF, Santos CA, Figueiredo OJ, Lima ROA, Escobar RR, et al. EuroSCORE e mortalidade em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(4):474-82. 22. Brito DJA, Nina VJS, Nina RVAH, Figueredo Neto JA, Oliveira MIG, Salagado JVL, et al. Prevalência e fatores de risco para insuficiência renal aguda no pós-peratório de revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(3):297-304. 23. Scrutinio D, Giannuzzi P. Comorbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: impact on outcome and implications for cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(4):379-85. 24. Mohammadi S, Dagenais F, Mathieu P, Kingma JG, Doyle J, Lopez S, et al. Long-term impact of diabetes and its comorbidities in patients undergoing isolated primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2007;116:I-220-5. 25. Strüber M, Cremer JT, Gohrbandt B, Hagl C, Jankowski M, Völker B, et al. Human cytokine responses to coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(4):1330-5. 26. Ascione R, Lloyd CT, Underwood MJ, Lotto AA, Pitsis AA, Angelini GD. Inflammatory response after coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4):1198-204. 27. Anderson AJPG, Barros Neto FXR, Costa MA, Dantas LD, Hueb AC, Prata MF. Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes acima de 70 anos na revascularização miocárdica ou troca valvar com circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):69-75. 28. Amato VL, Timerman A, Paes AT, Baltar VT, Farsky PS, Farran JA, et al. Resultados imediatos da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica: Comparação entre homens e mulheres. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(esp Nº):14-20. 29. Loop FD, Golding LR, MacMillan JP, Cosgrove DM, Lytle BW, Sheldon WC. Coronary artery surgery in women compared with men: analyses of risks and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1(2 pt 1):383-90. 30. O’Connor GT, Morton JR, Diehl MJ, Olmstead EM, Coffin LH, Levy DG, et al. Differences between men and women in hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1993;88(5 pt 1):2104-10. 31. O’Connor NJ, Morton JR, Birkmeyer JD, Olmstead EM, O’Connor GT. Effect of coronary artery diameter in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Circulation. 1996;93(4):652-5.
ARTICLE ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):61-5
Oxidative stress and inflammatory response increase during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting Estresse oxidativo e resposta inflamatória aumentam durante cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea
Flora Eli Melek1, Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini2, João Carlos Domingus Repka1, Celso Soares Nascimento1, Dalton Bertolim Précoma1
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120010
RBCCV 44205-1351
Abstract Introduction: Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance is a marker of oxidative stress. It has cytotoxic and genotoxic actions. C- reactive protein is used to evaluate the acute phase of inflammatory response. Objectives: To assess the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and C-reactive protein levels during extracorporeal circulation in patients submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive surgical patients (16 men and nine women; mean age 61.2 ± 9.7 years) with severe coronary artery disease diagnosed by angiography scheduled for myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation were selected. Blood samples were collected immediately before initializing extracorporeal circulation, T0; in 10 minutes, T10; and in 30 minutes, T30. Results: The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels increased after extracorporeal circulation (P=0.001), with average values in T0=1.5 ± 0.07; in T10=5.54 ± 0.35; and in T30=3.36 ± 0.29 mmoles/mg of serum protein. The C-reactive protein levels in T0 were negative in all samples; in T10 average was 0.96 ± 0.7 mg/dl; and in T30 average was 0.99 ± 0.76 mg/dl. There were no significant differences between the dosages in T10 and T30 (P=0.83).
Conclusions: C-reactive protein and thiobarbituric acidreactive substance plasma levels progressively increased during extracorporeal circulation, with maximum values of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance at 10 min and of Creactive protein at 30 min. It suggests that there are an inflammatory response and oxidative stress during extracorporeal circulation.
1. Physician. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná 2. hD. Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto –USP.
Correspondence address: Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 – Prado Velho – Curitiba, PR Brazil – CEP: 80215-901 E-mail: lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com
Work performed at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Descriptors: Myocardial revascularization. Coronary artery bypass. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Inflammation. Inflammation mediators.
Resumo Introdução: Substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico são um marcador de estresse oxidativo. A proteína C reativa é usada para avaliar a fase aguda da resposta inflamatória. Objetivos: Avaliar os níveis de substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico e da proteína C reativa durante a circulação extracorpórea em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Métodos: Vinte e cinco pacientes consecutivos (16 homens e nove mulheres com idade média de 61,2 ± 9,7 anos) com doença arterial coronária severa diagnosticada por
Article received on September 18th, 2011 Article accepted on January 29th, 2012
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Melek FE, et al. - Oxidative stress and inflammatory response increase during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols CRP EC SD TBARS
C- reactive protein Extracorporeal circulation standard deviation thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance
angiografia, escalados para cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea, foram selecionados. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas imediatamente antes de iniciar a circulação extracorpórea (T0), 10 minutos após (T10) e 30 minutos após (T30). Resultados: Os níveis de substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico aumentaram após a extracorpórea (P=0,001) com valores médios de 1,5 ± 0,07 em T0; 5,54 ± 0,35 em T10
INTRODUCTION Extracorporeal circulation (EC) of blood during cardiopulmonary bypass has been shown to induce the production of several pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and vasoactive substances. The ensuing systemic inflammatory response and the super-imposed period of ischemia-reperfusion are conditions that promote the production of oxygen-derived free radical species, which are able to initiate lipid peroxidation and a chain of events leading to cell membrane damage, tissue injury, and functional impairment [1]. One of these complications is the ischemia-reperfusion injury that causes several damages to the myocardium and contributes to the mortality and failure of cardiopulmonary bypass. [2]. To predict and treat these syndromes is a goal in intensive care units. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) is a marker of oxidative stress and has cytotoxic and genotoxic actions [3-6]. C- reactive protein (CRP) is used to evaluate the acute phase of inflammatory response [7]. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the TBARS and CRP levels during EC in patients submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Patients Two-hundred-seventy-six consecutive surgical patients with severe coronary artery disease diagnosed by angiography scheduled for myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation were selected. The 62
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):61-5
e 3,36 ± 0,29 mmoles/mg de proteína sérica em T30. Os níveis de proteína C reativa foram negativos em T0 em todas as amostras. Em T10, os valores médios foram de 0,96 ± 0,7 mg/dl e em T30 os valores médios foram de 0,99 ± 0,76 mg/ dl. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de proteína C reativa nos tempos T10 e T30 (P= 0,83). Conclusões: Os níveis de substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico e da proteína C reativa aumentam durante a circulação extracorpórea, com máximos valores de substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico em 10 minutos e de proteína C reativa em 30 minutos. Estes achados sugerem resposta inflamatória e estresse oxidativo durante a circulação extracorpórea. Descritores: Revascularização miocárdica. Ponte de artéria coronária. Síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica. Inflamação. Mediadores da inflamação.
study was approved by local Ethical Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were: (1) diabetes mellitus; (2) myocardial infarction in the last 6 months; (3) ejection fraction < 50%; (4) creatinine blood level > 1.2 mg/ dl; and (5) smoking. Therefore, the study was conducted on remaining 25 patients (16 men and nine women; mean age 61.2 ± 9.7 years). Blood sample collection Blood samples were collected immediately before initializing EC, T0; in 10 minutes, T10; and in 30 minutes, T30. Plasma TBARS levels were measured according to the method of Buege & Aust [8] and Lapenna et al. [9,10]. Briefly, 0.5 ml of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid plasma was added to a reaction mixture (1.0 ml) formed by equal parts of 15% trichloroacetic acid, 0.25 N hydrochloric acid, and 0.375% thiobarbituric acid, plus 2.5 mM butylated hydroxytoluene and 0.1 ml of 8.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, followed by 30 min heating at 95ºC; pH value of the analytical reaction mixture was about 0.9. Butylated hydroxytoluene was used to prevent lipid peroxidation during heating. After cooling, the chromogen was extracted with n-butanol and read spectrophotometrically at 532 nM. C Reactive Protein (Bioclin®, High-sensitive C Reactive Protein K079) was measured by autoanalyzer equipment (Selectra®). Statistical analysis Variables were expressed as mean ± SD and medians. To compare results between times T0, T10, and T30 Anova oneway analysis of variance and Student’s t-test were used. Statistical significance was indicated by a value of P < 0.05.
Melek FE, et al. - Oxidative stress and inflammatory response increase during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
Patient’s characteristics are disposed in Table 1. The mean EC time was 63.88 ± 20.75 minutes, whereas from the 25 patients, 13 had an EC time of less than 70 minutes and 12 patients had an EC time more than 70 minutes with a maximum time of 95 minutes. The TBARS levels increased after EC (P=0.001), with average values in T0=1.5 ± 0.07; in T10=5.54 ± 0.35; and in T30=3.36 ± 0.28 mmoles/mg of serum protein (Figure 1).
The CRP levels in T0 were negative in all samples; in T10 average was 0.96 ± 0.67 mg/dl; and in T30 average was 0.99 ± 0.76 mg/dl. There were no significant differences between the dosages in T10 and T30 (P=0.83; Figure 2). There were no significant differences between TBARS and CRP levels according to EC time (less and more than 70 minutes) in the three times of sampling.
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass evokes a systemic inflammatory response syndrome in practically all patients. The intensity of such syndrome experienced by an individual patient will be critical to determine the outcome. To predict the occurrence of postperfusion syndrome during cardiac surgery with EC is a daily real challenge in intensive care units. In the present study we assessed the TBARS and CRP levels during EC in patients submitted to surgical myocardial revascularization. We preselected 276 patients. The initial sample was reduced to 25 subjects, representing only 0.05% of the total population. This fact is due to the rigidity imposed on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thereby, reducing the chance of any influence of others pathologies on the levels of TBARS and CRP. Previous studies [11,12] discuss the effects of diabetes on organic reactions in various organs, thus demonstrating that the inclusion of diabetic patients could influence the levels of TBARS and CRP during EC due to underlying disease. Like diabetes, Lucchi et al. [13] demonstrated the correlation between creatinine clearance and increased oxidative stress in tissues and plasma serum. Thereby, we do not included patients with serum creatinine above 1.2 mg/dl as it could act as a factor that changes the results. Smokers were excluded from the sample because they have increased basal levels of TBARS and CRP. Recent data also support a contributory role for reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyophathies and because of that we excluded patients with ejection fraction less than 50% [14].
Fig 1. Medians and standard deviations of the doses of TBARS (mmoles/mg of serum protein) in the 25 blood samples collected at T0, T10 and T30
Fig 2. Simultaneous demonstration of the means and standard deviations of the concentrations of TBARS and CRP at T0, T10 and and T30
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics Variable Sex (male/female) Age (years) EC time (min) Aortic clamp time (min) Ejection fraction (min) Creatinine level (mg/dl)
16/9 61.16 ± 9.73 63.88 ± 20.75 47.64 ± 20.07 62.32 ± 7.63 1.07 ± 0.11
Age, Extracorporeal (EC) time, aortic clamp time, ejection fraction, and creatinine levels are expressed in means±sd
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Measurements of TBARS in three different moments during EC showed significant difference from baseline through T30. It is in agreement with Zanoni et al. [15] that demonstrated the occurrence of immune and inflammatory changes in patients during cardiac surgery with EC. Actually, EC is a nonphysiologic condition imposed to the body, causing cellular structural and functional damage. It triggers a significant inflammatory response in cardiac surgery and is observed that this response is significant lower when the time of EC is less than 70 minutes [16-19]. In the present study, the mean EC time was 63.88 ± 20.75 minutes, whereas from the 25 patients, 13 had an EC time of less than 70 minutes and 12 patients had a EC time more than 70 minutes with a maximum time of 95 minutes. No complication occurred during and after the surgery in any patient. When the results of TBARS and CRP levels were analyzed in two groups according to EC time (less and more than 70 minutes) there were no significant differences between the averages in the 3 times of sampling. The perfusion is related to activation of an inflammatory response that leads to changes in cellular and humoral activation of the complement system and coagulation cascade, causing changes in permeability and vascular reactivity [17-19]. This systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary-bypass has the potential of engendering a constellation of clinical, biochemical, and radiological manifestations of multiorgan dysfunction [20]. Previous studies related neurologic disorders observed in EC, especially in prolonged times [16,21]. In the heart, the ischemia-reperfusion injury includes a series of events: (a) reperfusion arrhythmias, (b) microvascular damage, (c) myocardial stunning ‘reversible mechanical dysfunction’ and (d) cell death, which may occur together or separately [22]. These changes are considered to be the consequence of imbalance between the formation of oxidants and the availability of endogenous antioxidants in the heart. Maulik et al. [21] demonstrated, in swine, that the oxidative stress developed in the reperfused heart is one of the causative factors for the development of apoptosis. The EC was an important technological development for cardiac surgery, but its safety is not negligible due the inflammatory response generated, and the longer the duration of EC largest degree of aggression is generated in patients, functioning as an independent predictor for postoperative complications. The use of CRP as an acute inflammatory process marker showed that the dosages at baseline (T0) were negative and underwent to an increase in T10 that remained until T30. Pepys et al. [23] and Volanakis et al. [24] demonstrated in their studies that the increase of CRP in T 10 and the maintenance in T30 is due to the inflammatory stimulus generated by EC that can remain for an average of 19 hours
after the activation of the inflammatory process. This was well demonstrated by Milei et al. [25] in 24 patients submitted to myocardial biopsy during cardiac surgery with EC. Because there was a significant elevation of CRP during EC we can say that there is an inflammatory process triggered. However, as CRP remains higher throughout the EC, it is difficult to use it as an isolated marker in the postoperative period. In the present study, we tried to correlate TBARS and CRP levels. It was observed a linear regression in T10 that did not remain until T30. Thus, TBARS and CRP levels could not be directly correlated during monitoring patient. We believe that these are no expensive measurements and their assessment during peri and postoperative period can add new information about the inflammatory response during extracorporeal circulation. One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of patients enrolled. However, without any condition that could interfere in the results, we established the presence of an inflammatory response and oxidative stress during EC. Others studies should be conducted in patients with renal failure, diabetes or smoking habits and compared the levels of TBARS and CRP in different times of EC. The routine measurement of TBARS and CRP during EC can generate different levels of inflammatory response and predict complications during the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries. The results can help to change therapies before a possible complication, such as the early use of corticosteroids and acetylcysteine [15-17].
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CONCLUSIONS C-reactive protein and TBARS plasma levels progressively increased during extracorporeal circulation, with maximum values of TBARS at 10 min and of CRP at 30 min. It suggests that there are an inflammatory response and oxidative stress during EC.
REFERENCES 1. Paraskevaidis IA, Iliodromitis EK, Vlahakos D, Tsiapras DP, Nikolaidis A, Marathias A, et al. Deferoxamine infusion during coronary artery bypass grafting ameliorates lipid peroxidation and protects the myocardium against reperfusion injury: immediate and long-term significance. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(3):263-70. 2. Auler Junior JOC, Pascual JMS, Santello JL, Pomerantzeff PMA, Falzoni R, Amaral RVG, et al. Edema pulmonar não cardiogênico após circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1986;1(2):41-8.
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3. Brasil LA, Gomes WJ, Salomão R, Fonseca JHP, Branco JNR, Buffolo E. Uso de corticoide como inibidor da resposta inflamatória sistêmica induzida pela circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1999;14(3):254-68.
15. Zanoni LZ, Melnikov P, Consolo LC, Ré Poppi N, Ossais AA, Caldas MV, et al. Zinc children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(6):e48-50.
4. Mota AL, Rodrigues AJ, Évora PRB. Circulação extracorpórea em adultos no século XXI. Ciência, arte ou empirismo? Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(1):78-92.
16. Henrique LS, Forte WCN. Alterações imunológicas pós circulação extracorpórea. Rev Bras de Alerg e Imunopat. 2000;23(4):143-50.
5. Andrade JR, Souza RB, Santos AS, Andrade DR. Os radicais livres de oxigênio e as doenças pulmonares. J Bras Pneumol. 2005;31(1):60-8.
17. Maack C, Kartes T, Kilter H, Schäfers HJ, Nickenig G, Böhm M, et al. Oxygen free radical release in human failing myocardium in associated with increased activity of rac1GTPase and represents a target for statin treatment. Circulation. 2003;108(13):1567-74.
6. Bagis S, Tamer L, Sahin G, Bilgin R, Guler H, Ercan B, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in primary fibromyalgia: an oxidative stress disorder? Rheumatol Int. 2005;25(3):188-90. 7. Ridker PM, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. St-Laurent: MediEdition;2006. p.1-3:1-51. 8. Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-10. 9. Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Pierdomenico SD, Giamberardino MA, Cuccurullo F. Reaction conditions affecting the relationship between thiobarbituric acid reactivity and lipid peroxides in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;31(3):331-5.
18. Dhalla NS, Fagundes DJ, Parra OM, Zaia CTBV, Bandeira COP. Fatores hepatotróficos e regeneração hepática. Acta Cir Bras. 1997;43(1):61-8. 19. Ferrari R, Alfieri O, Curello S, Ceconi C, Cargnoni A, Marzollo P, et al. Occurrence of oxidative stress during reperfusion of the human heart. Circulation. 1990;81(1):201-11. 20. Raja SG, Berg GA. Impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on systemic inflammation: current best available evidence. J Card Surg. 2007;22(5):445-55.
10. Kebapcilar L, Akinci B, Bayraktar F, Comlekci A, Solak A, Demir T, et al. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16(6):432-6.
21. Maulik N, Yoshida T. Oxidative stress developed during open heart surgery induces apoptosis: reduction of apoptotic cell death by ebselen, a glutathione peroxidase mimic. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;36(5):601-8.
11. Kakkar R, Kalra J, Mantha SV, Prasad K. Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995;151(2):113-9.
22. Dhalla NS, Elmoselhi AB, Hata T, Makino N. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47(3):446-56.
12. Matsubara LS, Ferreira AL, Tornero MT, Machado PE. Influence of diabetes mellitus on the glutathione redox system of human red blood cells. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1992;25(4):331-5.
23. Pepys MB, Baltz ML. Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. Adv Immunol.1983;34:141-212.
13. Lucchi L, Ligabue G, Marietta M, Delnevo A, Malagoli M, Perrone S, et al. Activation of coagulation during hemodialysis: effect of blood lines alone and whole extracorporeal circuit. Artif Organs. 2006;30(2):106-10. 14. Charniot JC, Vignat N, Albertini JP, Bogdanova V, Zerhouni K, Monsuez JJ, et al. Oxidative stress in patients with acute heart failure. Rejuvenation Res. 2008;11(2):393-8.
24. Volanakis JE. Human C-reactive protein: expression, structure, and function. Mol Immunol. 2001;38(2-3):189-97. 25. Milei J, Forcada P, Fraga CG, Grana DR, Tritto I, Jannelli G. Lipoperoxidación de membranas y daño ultraestructural por estrés oxidativo en isquemia-reperfusión miocárdica. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2006;74:12-8.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):66-74
Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of predictors of inhospital mortality Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica na fase aguda do infarto: análise dos fatores preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar
Omar Asdrúbal Vilca Mejía1, Luiz A Ferreira Lisboa2, Marcos Gradim Tiveron3, José Augusto Duncan Santiago4, Rafael Angelo Tineli5, Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan6, Fabio Biscegli Jatene7, Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf8
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120011
RBCCV 44205-1352
Abstract Objective: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) during the acute phase of infarction (AMI) is associated with increased operative risk. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing CABG in AMI. Methods: During three years, all patients undergoing CABG in AMI were retrospectively analyzed of the institutional database. Sixty variables per patient were evaluated: 49 preoperative variables from the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet and EuroSCORE models, 4 preoperative variables not considered in these models (time between AMI and CABG, maximum CKMB, Troponin maximum and ST-segment elevation) and 7 intraoperative variables [(cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), CPB time, type of cardioplegia, endarterectomy, number of grafts, use of internal thoracic artery and complete revascularization].
Univariate and multivariate analysis for the outcome of inhospital mortality were performed. Results: The mean time between AMI and CABG was 3.8 ± 3 days. The overall mortality was 19%. In the multivariate analysis: age > 65 years OR [16.5 (CI 1.8 to 152), P= 0.013]; CPB > 108 minutes [OR 40 (CI 2.7 to 578), P= 0.007], creatinine> 2 mg/dl [OR 35.5 (CI 1.7 to 740), P= 0.021] and systolic pulmonary pressure > 60 mmHg [OR 31 (CI 1.6 to 591), P= 0.022] were predictors of in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Conventional preoperative variables such as age > 65 years, creatinine > 2 mg/dl and systolic pulmonary pressure > 60 mmHg were predictive of inhospital mortality in patients underwent CABG in AMI.
1. Specialist in Aortic Surgery; Medical Residence in Cardiovascular Surgery at Heart Institution, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2. Full Professor at Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP); Assistant Physician at Surgical Coronaropathy Unit at InCor-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3. Specialist in Cardiovascular Surgery at FMUSP; Preceptor Physician of Cardiovascular Surgery Residence at FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 4. Specialist in General Surgery; Resident in Cardiovascular Surgery at InCor-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 5. Specialist in Cardiovascular Surgery at FMUSP; Collaborator Physician at FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 6. Associate Professor at FMUSP; Head of the Surgical Coronaropathy at InCor-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 7. Titular Professor of the Thoracic Surgery Discipline at FMUSP;
Director of the Thoracic Surgery Service at InCor-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 8. Titular Professor of the Cardiovascular Surgery Discipline at FMUSP, Director of the Surgical Division at InCor-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. This study was carried out at Heart Institute, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Descriptors: Risk factors. Myocardial infarction. Revascularização miocárdica. Coronary artery bypass.
Correspondence address: Omar Asdrúbal Vilca Mejía Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 – Cerqueira César – São Paulo, SP, Brasil – CEP: 05403-000 E-mail: omarvilca@incor.usp.br
Article received on May 23th, 2011 Article accepted on February 6th, 2012
Mejia OAV, et al. - Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of predictors of in-hospital mortality
Abbreviations, Acronyms & Symbols ACC AHA IAB CPB CKMB CABG EuroSCORE AMI NSTEMI STEMI IQ SPSS
American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Intra-aortic balloon Cardiopulmonar bypass creatine kinase MB isoenzyme coronary artery bypass graft surgery European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation acute myocardial infarction NSTEMI acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation interquartile Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Resumo Objetivo: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio (IAM) está associada a aumento do risco operatório. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar fatores preditores de mortalidade intrahospitalar nos pacientes submetidos a CRM no IAM. Métodos: Durante três anos, todos os pacientes submetidos a CRM no IAM foram analisados retrospectivamente, utilizando o banco de dados institucional. Sessenta variáveis
INTRODUCTION The high postoperative morbidity and high mortality rates of patients undergoing surgical revascularization for acute myocardial infarction led from the old to postpone the procedure. Even though the wait could worsen and increase infarct size with borderline irrigation, resulting in greater myocardial damage and ventricular remodeling [1], few studies have analyzed clinical and laboratory factors to determine that increased morbidity and mortality. Recent studies can demonstrate positive impact on survival with early revascularization [2], however this is still being delayed because of reports that describe mortality by 31% [3]. Therefore, there is no consensus about the risks and benefits of bypass surgery (CABG) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), especially regarding the ideal time between diagnosis and surgery [4]. Although CABG is safe when performed electively, the effects caused by ischemic injury associated with other factors such as gender, age and other clinical data have not been fully reported [5].
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por paciente foram avaliadas: 49 variáveis pré-operatórias provenientes dos escores 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet e EuroSCORE; 4 variáveis pré-operatórias não consideradas por esses escores (tempo entre o IAM e a CRM, valor máximo de CKMB, valor máximo de troponina e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST) e 7 variáveis intraoperatórias [uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), tempo de CEC, tipo de cardioplegia, endarterectomia, número de enxertos, uso da artéria torácica interna e revascularização completa]. Análise univariada e multivariada para o desfecho mortalidade intrahospitalar foram realizadas. Resultados: O tempo médio entre o IAM e a CRM foi de 3,8 ± 3 dias. A mortalidade global foi 19%. Na análise multivariada: idade > 65 anos [OR 16,5 (IC 1,8-152), P=0,013]~˜ CEC >108 minutos [OR 40 (IC 2,7-578), P=0,007], creatinina > 2 mg/dl [OR 35,5 (IC 1,7-740), P=0,021] e pressão pulmonar sistólica > 60 mmHg [OR 31(IC 1,6-591), P=0,022] foram preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Conclusão: Variáveis pré-operatórias clássicas como idade > 65 anos, creatinina > 2 mg/dl e pressão pulmonar sistólica > 60 mmHg foram preditoras de mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes operados de revascularização miocárdica na fase aguda do infarto. Descritores: Fatores de risco. Infarto do miocárdio. Revascularização miocárdica. Ponte de artéria coronária.
The aim of this study was to elucidate what are the predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing CABG in AMI. To have a better scientific basis, most of the variables used in the study would have the same definitions of the EuroSCORE model [6] and 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet [7], the same that have been validated for predicting inhospital mortality in the Heart Institute of University of São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) [8]. METHODS Sample Size Between 2008 and 2010, 62 consecutive patients underwent CABG during the acute phase of AMI with either ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) or without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) in the Heart Institute, Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine at University of São Paulo. Criteria for inclusion and exclusion We included all patients who underwent CABG during the acute phase of AMI in the period defined. CABG during 67
Mejia OAV, et al. - Coronary artery bypass grafting in acute myocardial infarction: analysis of predictors of in-hospital mortality
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):66-74
AMI has been shown in the following situations: (a) percutaneous coronary intervention unsuccessful or technically infeasible, (b) patient with frank hemodynamic instability or (c) patients with refractory persistent symptoms to drug treatment and/or intra-aortic balloon (IAB). The hospital records of patients were reviewed to determine pre-, intra- and postoperative data. Four patients were excluded from analysis due to missing data.
EuroSCORE and Parsonnet-Bernstein 2000, following the definitions given by both scores [9.11]. Data for categorical variables were expressed through their frequencies and percentages and continuous variables as means and their standard deviation or median and interquartile range 25-75% (IQ25 - 75%) when the variable is not normally distributed. Differences in categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher exact, when the expected values were less than five, the differences between continuous variables were analyzed by independent Student t test or Mann-Whitney test when the variable is not normally distributed. The odds ratio (odds ratio) was used for the weighting of the risk posed by each categorized variable. In order to consider the difference of means, frequencies or the presence of correlation between variables was used the statistical significance value less than or equal to 5% (p d” 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression (forward stepwise) of pre- and intraoperative variables was performed to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. The modeling and statistical tests were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Diagnostic and/or clinical criteria The MI was defined following the criteria of the World Health Organization, which determines the presence of necessary diagnostic criteria in three areas: clinical, electrocardiographic, and biochemical, within 7 days after the event. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were classified following the guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) and NSTEMI, when the ST segment is a convex or straight curve e” 1 mm in two or more contiguous leads, or NSTEMI, when there is ST segment depression e” 1 mm, T wave inversion or normal on ECG. Considering the fact that patients are seen at varying times after the onset of ischemia, we analyzed the maximum value of the biomarkers of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) and troponin T, following the recommendations of the AHA / ACC to collect the samples in a sequence of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hours, followed by serial determinations of each period of 6-8 hours. The time interval was given by the emergency records and calculated as the time between symptom onset and surgical intervention. The in-hospital mortality was defined as death between the procedure and hospital discharge. Surgical Technique After median sternotomy, patients underwent surgery with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the second option of the surgeon in charge. When operated using CPB, CABG was performed in normothermia or mild hypothermia and arterial cannulation was performed in the ascending aorta and venous in the right atrium. Myocardial protection was induced by blood or crystalloid cardioplegia using the antegrade route. In patients operated without CPB it was used regional cardiac stabilizer. Statistical Analysis Sixty variables per patient were analyzed: 49 preoperative scores from the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet and EuroSCORE, 4 preoperative variables not considered in the scores (time between the onset of AMI and CABG, maximum CKMB, peak troponin and ST-segment elevation) and 7 intraoperative variables (CPB, CPB time, type of cardioplegia, presence of carotid endarterectomy, grafts, use of internal thoracic artery and the presence of complete revascularization). All data were transformed into values of 68
Ethics and consent This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects of the Clinics Hospital of the University of São Paulo under the number 1575, which exempted the need for the written informed consent because it was a retrospective study. There was no conflict of interest of authors in this study. RESULTS The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients are summarized in Table 1 (A, B and C). The rate of inhospital mortality was 19% (11 of 58 patients). Of the deaths, 80% were operated using CPB, of whom two patients had a diagnosis of VSD after AMI. Complete revascularization was achieved in 57% (33 patients) with a mean of 2.8 ± 0.9 grafts per patient. The left internal thoracic artery was used in all patients. Coronary thromboendarterectomy was performed in one patient. The mean duration of CPB was 104 ± 34 minutes. Postoperatively, 20 (34.5%) patients required IABP. The stay in the intensive care unit was 10 ± 13 days and the duration of mechanical ventilation, 80 ± 149 hours. Hemodialysis was initiated in 5.2% of patients. Analysis of risk factors In the univariate analysis (Table 2), the risk factors related to in-hospital mortality were severe congestive heart failure, advanced age, VSD after AMI, cardiogenic shock, CPB, pulmonary hypertension and increased creatinine. The
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Table 1. A. Preoperative characteristics included in the EuroSCORE and Parsonnet-Bernstein in 2000 for deaths and survivors Preoperative characteristics Age Female gender Congestive failure Severe COPD Diabetes LCT > 50% EF<30% Arterial hypertension Morbid obesity Preoperative IBA Reoperation Treatment of aortic valve Treatment of mitral valve Valve treatment and CABG Cardiogenic shock Acute endocarditis Treated endocarditis LV aneurysmectomy Treatment of tricuspid valve Pacemaler dependant AMI 48 h Post-IVC AMI Ventricular tachycardia Asthma Preoperative Oi Pulmonary hypertension Purpura thrombocytopenic Cirrhosis Dialysis dependant Acute/chronic renal failure Preoperative serum creatinine Presence of aortic aneurysm Carotid artery disease > 70% Peripheral vascular disease Reaction to blood products Neurologic dysfunction Prior percutaneous intervention Severe smoking Serum creatinine > 200 µmol/L Preoperative inotropic support Preoperative massage Unstable angina Recent myocardial infarction (<90 days) Emergency surgery Early aortic intervention Surgery including thoracic aorta Atrial fibrillation Left atrial size Dyslipidemia Additive EuroSCORE 2000Bernstein-Parsonnet
Deaths (11) 69.7±13.3 45% 90% 0% 45.5% 36.4% 27.3% 90.9% 9.1% 63.6% 27.3% 9.1% 100% 18.2% 0% 9.1% 36.4% 9.1% 0% 9.1% 18.2% 1.49(IQ 1.22–2.34) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 45.5%) 9.1% 27.3% 36.4% 0% 54.5% 11 (100%) 36.4% 9.1% 0% 0% 46 IQ(42–52) 72.7% 12.1 ± 3.2 39.6 ± 9.7
Survivors (47) 63.7±13.3 27.7% 51.1% 0% 42.6% 29.8% 17.0% 87.2% 6.4% 76.6% 2% 4.3% 100% 0% 2.1% 6.4% 4.3% 0% 0% 2.1% 0% 1.01 (IQ 0.87 – 1.26) 0% 0% 6.4% 2.1% 0% 19.1% 21.3% 2.1% 12.8% 0% 80.9% 47 (100%) 27.7% 4.3% 0% 0% 41 IQ (39.75 – 44) 40.4% 8.3 ± 3.5 22.6 ± 9.9
P 0.176 0.290 0.019 1.000 0.724 0.421 1.000 1.000 0.450
0.019
0.474 0.033 1.000 1.000 0.009 0.190 0.346 0.033 0.011
1.000 1.000 0.112 0.671 0.019 0.083 0.112 1.000 0.715 0.474
0.021 0.091 0.002 <0.001
CABGwith/AMI: Myocardial revascularization in acute myocardial infarction; CABGwithtout/AMI: Myocardial revascularization without acute myocardial infarction, COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LCT = Trunk of left coronary artery; EF: ejection fraction; IAB = Intra-aortic balloon, post-IVC AMI = interventricular communication after acute myocardial infarction; Oi: orotracheal intubation
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Table 1. B. Preoperative characteristics not included in the EuroSCORE and Parsonnet-Bernstein in 2000. Preoperative characteristics Dt: AMI-CABG Maximum value of CKMB Maximum value of troponin ST
Deaths (11) 3 (IQ 1 – 9) 9 (IQ 7.31 – 31.5) 27 (IQ 4.92 – 46.7) 54.56%
Survivors (47) 3 (IQ 2 – 5) 19.6 (IQ 8.2 – 70) 8.2 (IQ 2 – 26) 23.4%
P 0.928 0.194 0.208 0.064
Dt = Time between the acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery, CK-MB = MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase; SupraST = ST-segment elevation Table 1. C. Intraoperative characteristics. Intraoperative characteristics CPB use CPB time Cardioplegia time Thromboendarterectomy Number of grafts Use of internal thoracic artery Full revascularization (by injuried artery)
Deaths (11) 91% 125.3 ± 45.1 81.8% 0% 3.0 (IQ 2.0 – 3.0) 100% 54.5%
Survivors (47) 85.1% 100.2 ± 27.7 78.3% 2.2% 3.0 (IQ 2.0 – 3.0) 95.7% 57.4%
P 1.000 0.122 1.000 1.000 0.759 1.000 1.000
CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass
Table 2. Univariate analysis. Variable Gender Congestive failure Age Diabetes Morbid obesity Preoperative IAB LCT Pacemaker dependant post-IVC AMI Cardiogenic shock Ventricular tachycardia Vascular disease Reaction to blood products Dt< 4 days Dialysis CKMB Troponin ST CPB Prior PTCA Inotropic support Unstable angina Postoperative AMI Blood cardioplegia Left mammary DLP Full revascularization Ejection fraction < 30 Systolic pulmonary pressure >60 mmHg Creatinine > 2 mg/dl
OR 0.46 9.59 4.3 1.13 1.47 0.54 1.35 2.25 6.22 17.25 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.131 4.60 0.39 2.05 3.93 5.10 3.52 3.91 0.28 1.39 1.25 0.80 3.93 0.89 1.83 12.86 17.25
CI 0.12 1.14 1.01 0.3 0.14 0.13 0.39 0.19 3.42 1.59 1.09 1.1 1.09 0.26 0.27 0.09 0.23 1.01 1.27 0.86 0.87 0.07 0.31 0.23 0.71 0.92 0.24 0.4 1.98 1.6
1.77 80.95 18.34 4.21 15.61 2.17 5.35 27.31 11.32 187.22 1.41 1.43 1.41 4.91 79.92 1.66 18.36 15.3 20.54 14.15 17.46 1.14 6.22 6.739 0.92 16.74 3.33 8.44 83.83 187.22
P 0.290 0.02 0.05 1.000 1.000 0.45 0.72 0.474 0.033 0.019 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.346 0.314 1.000 0.064 0.029 0.112 0.083 0.112 0.696 1.000 1.000 0.091 1.000 0.421 0.009 0.019
IAB = intra-aortic balloon; LPT = Trunk of left coronary artery; post-IVC AMI = interventricular communication after acute myocardial infarction; Dt = time between AMI and CABG, CK-MB = MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase; Supra ST = ST-segment elevation; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass; prior PTCA = percutaneous intervention prior; DLP = Dyslipidemia
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Table 3. Predictor variables from the multivariate analysis. Variable Age > 65 years Creatinine > 2 mg/dl Systolic pulmonary pressure >60 mmHg CPB > 107 minutes Constant
OR 16.50 35.45 30.98 39.7 -5.86
CI 1.8 1.7 1.62 2.79
152 740 591.05 577.71
P 0.013 0.021 0.022 0.007 <0 001
CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass
mean EuroSCORE (12.1 ± 3.2) and the 2000 BernsteinParsonnet (40 ± 9.7) and deaths in relation to mean EuroSCORE (8.2 ± 3.5) and the 2000 Bernstein- Parsonnet (23 ± 10) in survivors, showed statistical difference (P <0.05) for both scores. The incidence of death in patients who received stent prior to surgery was 37% (5/14) and who had severe lesions of the left main coronary artery, 20% (4/ 20). Among the intraoperative variables, the increase in the time of CPB was the only significant variable in univariate analysis. Among the postoperative factors, the prolonged stay in intensive care unit, ventilation time and the need for hemodialysis were not significant predictors of in-hospital mortality in univariate analysis (Table 2). In multivariate analysis, preoperative variables, age> 65 years, creatinine> 2 mg/dL and systolic pulmonary pressure> 60 mmHg were predictive of in-hospital mortality (Table 3). On the other hand, CPB> 108 minutes was not the only preoperative variable predictive of in-hospital mortality. Although the in-hospital mortality was higher among patients with NSTEMI compared to NSTEMI, there was no statistically significant difference. Ejection fraction <30 was not predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI. The time between symptom onset and surgery was divided into three groups: < 4 days, 4 to 6 days and > 6 days. For the sample period < 4 days had the worst prognosis, followed by the period> 6 days and improvement in patients operated on between the 4th and 6th days, although not statistically significant. Likewise, there was no statistical significance in relation to enzyme markers CKMB and troponin T. DISCUSSION In recent years, the mortality benefit with early and late invasive treatment strategies in patients with acute coronary syndrome has been clearly demonstrated. In these studies, the majority of procedures performed during the acute phase of AMI were the percutaneous intervention.
Regarding surgery as primary option, the poor results in the 70s (> 20% mortality) postponed the indication for 30 days after infarction [9]. However, actual results of the CABG can not be compared to those obtained in the 70s. Studies that compare current strategies for this invasive reperfusion with conservative medical management group note that the invasive (surgical or percutaneous) presents a shorter hospital stay, less re-hospitalization frequency, lower incidence of nonfatal reinfarction and lower mortality [10, 11]. Otherwise, we will have a greater chance of reinfarction, due to lingering injuries, and expansion of the infarcted area, with consequent ventricular remodeling and greater likelihood of aneurysm formation. This new tendency responds to better understand of the results and the selection of patients, progress of CPB and myocardial protection, greater use of arterial grafts, and use of IABP and mechanical circulatory support, improvement of postoperative care and the benefits of surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass. Jatene et al. [12] published in 2001, one of the earliest studies in Brazil related to CABG in AMI, where 49 patients were divided into two groups: group I without complications and group II with complications (recurrent ischemia, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, reinfarction, sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation). Patients with mechanical complications were excluded. Mortality occurred only in Group II (15%), with an average of 12 days from the onset of AMI and CRM. In our analysis, 10 years later and in a group that, besides the clinical characteristics of group II, includes mechanical complications, there was a mortality of 19%, with an average of 72 hours between the onset of AMI and CABG. The analytic epidemiology reveals that approximately 10% of patients with MI had the same inclusion criteria as patients in our sample and that when undergoing CABG had a mortality rate of approximately 26% [13]. With regard to time of intervention, we found that the 71
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CABG between the fourth and sixth day had the lowest mortality but without statistical significance. Several authors have been concerned with the optimal time of surgery. An analysis of 32,099 patients undergone surgery after AMI in the state of New York (USA) between 1991 and 1996 showed that mortality decreased with increasing time interval between AMI and CABG. On the third day, the mortality curve showed an inflection, after which the levels of mortality are similar to those of elective surgery. The conclusion of this study was that, whenever possible (considering the clinical conditions), surgery should be postponed the first three days after AMI [14]. These trends have resulted in decreased length of stay, angina time, recurrent AMI, hospital infection and decreased mortality [15]. In our analysis, a larger sample might have defined in favor of what is currently accepted. One important aspect relates to the inclusion of appropriate variables for the type of population. In our opinion, preoperative variables, such as type of infarction, time between AMI and CABG, time to angina, levels of enzyme markers and critical preoperative state, are not specified by the scores used. The EuroSCORE adequately determines the mortality rate for groups of medium and low risk but in high-risk group it is needed subgroups that have not yet been established [6.16]. Thus, for example, there is evidence that the failure to percutaneous intervention during the AMI increases the risk of mortality, which is considered the model of the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet, but not by the EuroSCORE and the majority of existing risk models. In our analysis, the mean EuroSCORE value was > 9 and the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet > 25, both describing a very high risk patients and showed a direct relationship between the score and mortality. The high surgical morbidity and mortality that may accompany this group of patients is a reflection of poor preoperative clinical condition [8], expressed by the high prevalence of specific predictive factors. Inside the variables, some of which had statistical significance in our analysis are reported in the literature as important. Age > 65 years had a significant relationship with mortality and this relationship was reported by Applebaum et al. [17] and Kaul et al. [18] in patients aged over 70 years of age. The female gender has been suggested by some authors, among them Kaul et al. [18], as a predictor of hospital mortality after CABG in AMI. Although in our analysis this correlation has not been established, other authors such as Applebaum et al. [17] and Naunheim et al. [19] also found no association between female gender and early mortality. Lee et al. [20] in a multicenter study involving 44,365 patients, found higher mortality in the group with NSTEMI compared to STEMI,only when they underwent surgery in the first week after AMI. Other authors note that the surgery within the first three days after infarction is a predictor of
mortality, especially in STEMI. Furthermore, patients with NSTEMI require more than IBA and vasoactive drugs [9,10]. In this study, we found no statistical difference between these groups. The preoperative clinical conditions determine significantly different changes in the postoperative period and the relationship of greater importance in predicting the risk. In general, there are two groups, patients with AMI without clinical complications and patients with AMI who present with complications of any kind, including mechanical damage or heart failure. Clinically stable patients present 1.4% mortality after CABG, compared with 12.5% in patients with a clinical complication preoperatively [12]. Some groups show that the left internal thoracic artery was 50% less used to irrigate the territory of the left anterior descending artery surgery in less than 48 hours after AMI. The same studies indicate that only those arteries that caused ischemia should be revascularized, and the number of grafts reduced to a minimum. Thus, it is reduced surgical time, and therefore the incidence of complications [9]. In the sample, the internal thoracic artery was used in all patients. We had a rate of complete revascularization in 58% of patients, this using the concept of a diseased artery revascularization [21], reaching 85% when used the definition by the myocardial wall. The presence of cardiogenic shock increased mortality rate up to 59% in emergency CABG and, when the coronary blood flow was not reversed, the mortality rate can reach 78% [22]. In our group, patients with AMI and cardiogenic shock who underwent surgery presented mortality rate that reached 75%. Likewise, there are reports describing that in critically ill patients, the CABG without CPB decreases the rate of in-hospital mortality relative to CABG with CPB, mainly by decreasing the surgical time (incomplete revascularization) [23]. Although CPB time exceeding 108 minutes was the only preoperative variable that was not predictive of mortality, it was not considered. The reason is due to the fact that in the on-pump group, there were patients with post-AMI IVC and no analysis (at least univariate) comparing the mortality of patients undergone surgery with CPB with those patients on whom CPB was not performed. In the sample there was no relation of mortality to the levels of troponin and CK-MB, similar to what was found by Hagl et al. [24], reporting that the maximum values of marker enzymes of myocardial necrosis had no impact on survival. There are studies that conclude that antegrade/ retrograde blood cardioplegia is superior to crystalloid cardioplegia in CABG after AMI [25]. In the sample, although not statistically significant, 81% of deaths undergone surgery using crystalloid cardioplegia, supporting this hypothesis.
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Limitations of this study relate to its retrospective design and the fact that it was performed in a single center. Although most publications on the subject are based on small samples, multicenter, randomized studies should answer about the costs and benefits of CABG in AMI.
database for predicting mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(1):1-4.
CONCLUSION Preoperative classic variables, such as age > 65 years, creatinine > 2 mg/dL and systolic pulmonary pressure > 60 mmHg, were important in predicting in-hospital mortality of patients undergoing CABG in the acute phase of AMI.
6. Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16(1):9-13. 7. Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Bedside estimation of risk as an aid for decision-making in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(3):823-8. 8. Mejía OA, Lisboa LA, Puig LB, Dias RR, Dallan LA, Pomerantzeff PM, et al. The 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet score and EuroSCORE are similar in predicting mortality at the Heart Institute, USP. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(1):1-6. 9. Braxton JH, Hammond GL, Letsou GV, Franco KL, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA, et al. Optimal timing of coronary artery bypass graft surgery after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;92(9 Suppl):II66-8. 10. Raghavan R, Benzaquen BS, Rudski L. Timing of bypass surgery in stable patients after acute myocardial infarction. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23(12):976-82.
REFERENCES 1. Sintek CF, Pfeffer TA, Khonsari S. Surgical revascularization after acute myocardial infarction. Does timing make a difference? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(5):1317-21. 2. Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A, Cokkinos DV, Falk E, Fox KA, et al; Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The task force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(1):28-66. 3. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Edwards FH, Ewy GA, Gardner TJ, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110(14):e340–437.
11. Alter DA, Tu JV, Autsin PC, Naylor CD. Waiting times, revascularization modality, and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction at hospitals with and without on-site revascularizations facilities in Canada. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(3):410-9. 12. Jatene FB, Nicolau JC, Hueb AC, Atik FA, Barafiole LM, Murta CB, et al. Fatores prognósticos da revascularização na fase aguda do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2001;16(3):195-202. 13. Yavuz S. Surgery as early revascularization after acute myocardial infarction. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2008;8(Suppl 2):84-92. 14. Lee DC, Oz MC, Weinberg AD, Ting W. Appropriate timing of surgical intervention after transmural acute myocardial infarction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(1):115-9. 15. Mohr R, Moshkovitch Y, Shapira I, Amir G, Hod H, Gurevitch J. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118(1):50-6.
4. Deeik RK, Schmitt TM, Ihrig TG, Sugimoto JT. Appropriate timing of elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Surg. 1998;176(6):581-5.
16. Nashef SA, Roques F, Hammill BG, Peterson ED, Michel P, Grover FL, et al; EurpSCORE Project Group. Validation of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) in North American cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22(1):101-5.
5. Zaroff JG, diTommaso DG, Barron HV. A risk model derived from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2
17. Applebaum R, House R, Rademaker A, Garibaldi A, Davis Z, Guillory J, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting within thirty
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days of acute myocardial infarction. Early and late results in 406 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102(5):745-52.
22. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(9):625-34.
18. Kaul TK, Fields BL, Riggins SL, Dacumos GC, Wyatt DA, Jones CR. Coronary artery bypass grafting within 30 days of an acute myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59(5):1169-76. 19. Naunheim KS, Kesler KA, Kanter KR, Fiore AC, McBride LR, Pennington DG, et al. Coronary artery bypass for recent infarction. Predictors of mortality. Circulation. 1988;78(3 Pt 2):I122-8. 20. Lee DC, Oz MC, Weinberg AD, Lin SX, Ting W. Optimal timing of revascularization: transmural versus nontransmural acute myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71(4):1197-202. 21. Sergeant P, Blackstone E, Meyns B, Stockman B, Jashari R. First cardiological or cardiosurgical reintervention for ischemic heart disease after primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1998;14(5):480-7.
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23. Rastan AJ, Eckenstein JI, Hentschel B, Funkat AK, Gummert JF, Doll N, et al. Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for acute coronary syndrome: beating heart versus conventional cardioplegic cardiac arrest strategies. Circulation. 2006;114(1 Suppl):I477- 85. 24. Hagl C, Khaladj N, Peterss S, Martens A, Kutschka I, Goerler H, et al. Acute treatment of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: is there a role for the cardiac surgeon? Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(6):1786-92. 25. Pichon H, Chocron S, Alwan K, Toubin G, Kaili D, Falcoz P, et al. Crystalloid versus cold blood cardioplegia and cardiac troponin I release. Circulation. 1997;96(1):316-20.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized trials Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea no pós-operatório de cirurgia torácica: revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos randomizados
Graciele Sbruzzi1, Scheila Azeredo Silveira2, Diego Vidaletti Silva2, Christian Correa Coronel3, Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120012
RBCCV 44205-1353
Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain and pulmonary function during the postoperative period after thoracic surgery by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Methods: The search strategy included MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE and LILACS, in addition to a manual search, from inception to August, 2011. Randomized trials were included, comparing TENS associated or not with pharmacological analgesia vs. placebo TENS associated or not with pharmacological analgesia or vs. pharmacological analgesia alone to assess pain (visual analog scale – VAS) and/or pulmonary function represented by forced vital capacity (FVC) in postoperative thoracic surgery patients (pulmonary or cardiac with approach by thoracotomy or sternotomy). Results: Of the 2.489 articles identified, 11 studies were included. In the approach by thoracotomy, TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia reduced pain compared to
the placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia (VAS -1.29; 95%CI: -1.94 to - 0.65). In the approach by sternotomy, TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia also reduced pain compared to the placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia (VAS -1.33; 95%CI: -1.89 to -0.77) and compared to pharmacological analgesia alone (VAS -1.23; 95%CI: -1.79 to -0.67). There was no significant improvement in FVC (0.12 L; 95%CI: 0.27 to 0.51). Conclusion: TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia provides pain relief compared to the placebo TENS in postoperative thoracic surgery patients both approached by thoracotomy and sternotomy. In sternotomy it also provides more effective pain relief compared to pharmacological analgesia alone, but it has no significant effect on pulmonary function.
1. PhD, Post-doctoral research fellow in Health Science: Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 2. Physiotherapist, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 3. MSc, Coordinator of the Specialization in Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy and the Multidisciplinary Residency (Physiotherapy) of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 4. ScD, Professor, Director of Physical Therapy Course of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Partially sponsored by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
Study performed at Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC) and Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Descriptors: Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. Thoracic surgery. Review.
Correspondence address Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz R Sarmento Leite, 245 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Zip Code: 90050-170 E-mail: roplentz@yahoo.com.br
Article received on May 18th, 2011 Article accepted on January 16th, 2012
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Abreviations, acronyms & symbols CAPES CNPq FVC VA S RCTs CI PEDro PRISMA TENS
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico forced vital capacity visual analog scale randomized clinical trials confidence interval Physiotherapy Evidence Database Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) sobre a dor e a função pulmonar no pós-operatório de cirurgias torácicas por meio de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos randomizados. Métodos: A busca incluiu as bases MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE e LILACS, além de busca manual, do início até agosto de 2011. Foram incluídos estudos randomizados comparando TENS associada ou não a analgesia farmacológica vs. TENS placebo associada ou não
INTRODUCTION Despite the technological developments observed in medicine and surgical area in general and the use of less invasive methods increasingly prominent, there is a huge number of diseases that require intervention with open surgical approach. Thoracic surgery has emerged in the late nineteenth century and progressed rapidly in the twentieth century, from the improvement of anesthesia, infection control and blood replacement [1]. These procedures are followed by methods for pain control, which aid in the recovery and quality of life of patients [2]. Thoracic surgeries are divided into two main types: lung and heart. In lung surgeries, the predominant surgical approach is via thoracotomy, as in cardiac surgery, median sternotomy is the most commonly used incision, being better for the exposure of the region, however, it can significantly alter lung function by the length of the incision and generate the resulting upper thorax instability [3]. The pain has been identified as a major source of concern for patients in the postoperative thoracic surgery, 76
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a analgesia farmacológica ou vs. analgesia farmacológica controlada, que avaliaram dor (por meio de escala analógica visual – EAV) e/ou função pulmonar representada pela capacidade vital forçada (CVF) em pacientes no pósoperatório de cirurgia torácica (pulmonar ou cardíaca com abordagem por toracotomia ou esternotomia). Resultados: Dos 2.489 artigos identificados, 11 estudos foram incluídos. Na abordagem por toracotomia, a TENS associada à analgesia farmacológica reduziu a dor comparada com TENS placebo associada à analgesia farmacológica (EAV -1,29; IC95%: -1,94 a - 0,65). Na abordagem por esternotomia, a TENS associada à analgesia farmacológica também reduziu a dor comparada a TENS placebo associada à analgesia farmacológica (EAV -1,33; IC95%: -1,89 a -0,77) e comparada à analgesia farmacológica controlada (EAV-1,23; IC95%: -1,79 a -0,67). Não foi observada melhora significativa na CVF (0,12 L; IC95%: -0,27 a 0,51). Conclusão: A TENS associada à analgesia farmacológica promoveu maior alívio da dor comparada a TENS placebo em pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia torácica, tanto na abordagem por toracotomia quanto por esternotomia. Na esternotomia, também se mostrou mais efetiva que a analgesia farmacológica controlada no alívio da dor, porém sem efeito significativo na função pulmonar. Descritores: Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea. Cirurgia torácica. Revisão.
and it is known that the type of surgical approach generates different levels of pain [2]. This occurs for several reasons, such as incision, tissue retraction, use of chest tubes after surgery, location of drains and the inflammatory process. This clinical condition may collaborate with the increase in pulmonary complications in the postoperative period, such as decreased respiratory muscle strength, lung volumes and capacities, as well as reducing the effectiveness of cough and increased infections, which interfere in the patient evolution and are considered the main causes of morbidity and mortality in these cases [3-5]. There are differences in the intensity of pain in relation to the type of surgical approach. In a study of patients who underwent cardiac surgery, it was observed that the pain was not related to the type of surgical procedure (CABG, valve replacement and valve resection with partial involvement of the internal thoracic artery, saphenous vein and placement of metal valves) [3]. Mueller et al. [6] also found no difference in the characteristics of pain compared different types of surgery, even in deeper procedures. However, Benedetti et al. [2] found a difference in pain
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levels according to the type of surgical approach, demonstrating a greater perception of pain in the posterolateral thoracotomy approaches. In addition to pharmacological analgesia, the eletroanalgesia has been proposed as an adjunctive treatment for the relief of postoperative pain, with consequent improvement of the mechanics of the chest cavity and reduction of possible respiratory complications in thoracic surgery. The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a widely used feature in symptomatic relief of pain [7]. Thus, the stimulation can be used in routine postoperative hospital as an adjunct to conventional analgesia, because, in addition to being non-invasive and non-pharmacological, it is comfortable and some studies have found less need of using drugs to control pain [8]. However, there are divergent results between studies, Gregorini et al. [8] showed that TENS is effective in controlling pain in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and provides improvement in respiratory muscle strength and increased lung volumes and capacities. On the other hand, Stubbing & Jellicoe [9] showed that TENS did not change the pain of patients after thoracic surgery, creating the need for systematization of existing information. Thus, the existence of several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the application of TENS with or without the use of drugs in the postoperative period of thoracic surgery approach with thoracotomy and sternotomy, the absence of systematic review studies encompassing approach sternotomy and the absence of meta-analysis justify the conduct of a recent systematic review on the subject [10]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TENS on pain and pulmonary function in the postoperative period of thoracic surgery (heart or pulmonary approach with posterolateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy) by means of systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs.
dead) with or no pharmacological analgesia, or TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia vs. controlled pharmacological analgesia. The outcomes included were pain and pulmonary function represented by the forced vital capacity (FVC). We used the following exclusion criteria: studies with incomplete data and data from studies without control group. Articles that do not demonstrate the FVC in liters (L) were excluded from the meta-analysis.
METHODS This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, number 456410, and follows the recommendations proposed by the Colaboração Cochrane [11] and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement [12]. Eligibility Criteria We included RCTs with patients who underwent thoracic surgery (heart or pulmonary approach with posterolateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy) and were treated postoperatively with TENS with or without pharmacological analgesia compared to placebo TENS (electrical current
Search strategy We searched the electronic databases (from inception to August 2011): MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane CENTRAL), EMBASE and LILACS. In addition, we performed a manual search of references in published studies on the subject. The search was performed on August 29, 2011 and included the following words in English: “transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation,” “eletric stimulation”, “electric stimulation therapy,” “thoracic surgery”, “thoracic surgery procedures,” “sternotomy” , “coronary artery bypass surgery”, “myocardial revascularization”, “aortic surgery”, associated with a list of sensitive terms to search for RCTs, prepared by Robinson & Dickersin [13], and their descriptors in Portuguese: estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea, estimulação elétrica, estimulação elétrica terapêutica, cirurgia cardíaca, procedimentos cirúrgicos cardíacos, esternotomia, cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, correção aórtica, ensaio clínico randomizado. The search strategy used to complete the PubMed can be seen in Table 1. There was no language restriction in the search. Study selection and data extraction The titles and abstracts of all articles identified by the search strategy were evaluated by two independent reviewers. All abstracts have not provided sufficient information on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected to evaluate the full text. In this second phase, the same reviewers independently assessed the full articles and made their selections, according to the eligibility criteria pre-specified. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by consensus. The primary outcome was extracted pain measured by visual analog scale (VAS). The other outcome of interest was FVC, L. While the study did not have all the necessary data for meta-analysis, the corresponding author was contacted to request the missing data. Assessment of risk of bias The methodological quality assessment was performed by two investigators independently and took into consideration the following characteristics of included 77
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studies: randomization sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, blinding of outcome assessors, intention to treat analysis and description of losses and exclusions. Studies without a clear description of these features were considered as unclear or not reporting the latter.
with or without pharmacological analgesia and studies comparing TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia vs. controlled pharmacological analgesia. It was considered a statistically significant alpha value = 0.05. Statistical heterogeneity of treatment effect between the trials was assessed by testing and Q Cochran test inconsistency (I2), in that values above 25% and 50% were considered indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively. All analyzes were conducted using software Review Manager 5.1 (Colaboração Cochrane) [11]. Sensitivity analyzes were conducted considering the characteristics of the included studies, meta-analyzes in which calculations have been redone, including only studies fulfilling certain criteria, such as patient age, duration of intervention and application of TENS, TENS application associated with pharmacological analgesia and pharmacological doses of analgesia.
Data analysis The meta-analysis was performed using random effects model and the measures of effect were obtained by postintervention values. The studies were analyzed separately from the surgical approach: studies in the surgical procedure were performed by thoracotomy posterolateral approach (analysis 1) and studies where the approach was by median sternotomy (analysis 2). Within these analyzes, we performed two comparisons: studies comparing TENS with or without pharmacological analgesia vs. TENS placebo
Table 1. Search strategy used in PubMed #1 #2
#3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8
#9 #10 #11 #12
#13
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"Electric Stimulation"[Mesh] OR (Electrical Stimulation) OR (Electrical Stimulations) OR (Stimulation, Electrical) OR (Stimulations, Electrical) OR (Stimulation, Electric) OR (Electric Stimulations) OR (Stimulations, Electric) "Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation"[Mesh] OR (Electrical Stimulation, Transcutaneous) OR (Stimulation, Transcutaneous Electrical) OR (Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation) OR (Percutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation) OR (Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) OR (Transdermal Electrostimulation) OR (Electrostimulation, Transdermal) OR (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) OR (Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation) OR (Nerve Stimulation, Transcutaneous) OR (Stimulation, Transcutaneous Nerve) OR (Electric Stimulation, Transcutaneous) OR (Stimulation, Transcutaneous Electric) OR (Transcutaneous Electric Stimulation) OR (TENS) OR (Electroanalgesia) OR (Analgesic Cutaneous Electrostimulation) OR (Cutaneous Electrostimulation, Analgesic) OR (Electrostimulation, Analgesic Cutaneous) "Electric Stimulation Therapy"[Mesh] OR (Therapeutic Electric Stimulation) OR (Electric Stimulation, Therapeutic) OR (Stimulation, Therapeutic Electric) OR (Therapy, Electric Stimulation) OR (Stimulation Therapy, Electric) OR (Electrotherapy) #1 OR #2 OR #3 "Thoracic Surgery"[Mesh] OR (Surgery, Thoracic) OR (Surgery, Cardiac) OR (Surgery, Heart) OR (Heart Surgery) OR (Cardiac Surgery) "Thoracic Surgical Procedures"[Mesh] OR (Procedures, Thoracic Surgical) OR (Surgical Procedures, Thoracic) OR (Thoracic Surgical Procedure) OR (Procedure, Thoracic Surgical) OR (Surgical Procedure, Thoracic) "Sternotomy"[Mesh] OR (Sternotomies) OR (Median Sternotomy) OR (Median Sternotomies) OR (Sternotomies, Median) OR (Sternotomy, Median) "Coronary Artery Bypass"[Mesh] OR "Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting" OR "Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery" OR "Bypass, Coronary Artery" OR "Artery Bypass, Coronary" OR "Artery Bypasses, Coronary" OR "Bypasses, Coronary Artery" OR "Coronary Artery Bypasses" OR "Aortocoronary Bypass" OR "Aortocoronary Bypasses" OR "Bypass, Aortocoronary" OR "Bypasses, Aortocoronary" OR "Bypass Surgery, Coronary Artery" "Myocardial Revascularization"[Mesh] OR "Myocardial Revascularizations" OR "Revascularization, Myocardial" OR "Revascularizations, Myocardial" OR "Internal Mammary Artery Implantation" “Aortic surgery” #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized controlled trials[mh] OR random allocation[mh] OR double-blind method[mh] OR single-blind method[mh] OR clinical trial[pt] OR clinical trials[mh] OR ("clinical trial"[tw]) OR ((singl*[tw] OR doubl*[tw] OR trebl*[tw] OR tripl*[tw]) AND (mask*[tw] OR blind*[tw])) OR ("latin square"[tw]) OR placebos[mh] OR placebo*[tw] OR random*[tw] OR research design[mh:noexp] OR follow-up studies[mh] OR prospective studies[mh] OR cross-over studies[mh] OR control*[tw] OR prospectiv*[tw] OR volunteer*[tw]) NOT (animal[mh] NOT human[mh]) #4 AND #11 AND #12
Sbruzzi G, et al. - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
RESULTS Description of studies The initial search identified 2489 articles, of which 31 studies were retrieved for detailed analysis. Of these, 19 were considered potentially relevant. However, eight studies were excluded for not reporting the outcomes of interest [2,9,14], due to missing data or incomplete data for the metaanalysis [8,15-17] or for failing to control group according to inclusion criteria [18], leaving 11 articles included in the meta-analysis, a total of 570 patients. Of these, five items were related to lung surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach [19-23] and six studies underwent cardiac surgery with median sternotomy approach [4,24- 28]. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of studies included and Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of these studies.
Fig. 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Flowchart of studies included in the review. RCT = randomized clinical trial; TENS = Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
Risk of bias In the five studies that pulmonary surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach [19-23], only one was blinded and had blinding of assessors of outcomes [20]. None of the studies presented description of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, description of losses and exclusions and analysis by intention to treat. Among the six studies that performed cardiac surgery with
Fig. 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Analysis of pain related to studies that performed surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach: comparison of TENS + analgesia vs Placebo TENS + analgesia; TENS = Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation
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Generation of the random sequence Concealed allocation Blinding
Blinding of outcome assessors
Not Not Not Not Not
informed informed informed informed informed Not Not Not Not Not
informed informed informed informed informed Not informed Not informed Yes Not informed Not informed
Forster et al., 1994 Not informed Cipriano et al., 2008 Not informed Emmiler et al., 2008 Yes Ferraz & Moreira, 2009 Yes Luchesa et al., 2009 Not informed Solak et al., 2009 Yes Not informed Not informed Not informed Yes Not informed Not informed
informed informed informed informed Yes Not informed
Not Not Not Not
Studies that performed cardiac surgery with median sternotomy approach
Liu et al., 1985 Warfield et al., 1985 Erdogan et al., 2005 Solak et al., 2007 Chandra et al., 2010
informed informed informed informed Yes Not informed
Not Not Not Not
Not informed Not informed Yes Not informed Not informed
Studies that performed pulmonary surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach
Study, year
Table 3. Assessment of risk of bias
Yes No No Not informed Yes Not informed
Not informed No No No No
Description of losses and exclusions
informed informed informed informed informed informed
Not informed Not informed No Not informed No Not informed
Not Not Not Not Not Not
Intention to Treat Analysis
Sbruzzi G, et al. - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
Sbruzzi G, et al. - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
median sternotomy approach [4,24- 28], 50% had a description of adequate random sequence generation, 17%, was the allocation concealment, had blinded and blinding of outcome assessors and 33% reported losses and exclusions. None of the studies performed intention-totreat analysis (Table 3).
1.29; 95% confidence interval ( 95% CI): -1.94 to -0.65, I2: 83%] (Figure 2). Due to the high statistical heterogeneity observed, we performed sensitivity analysis with respect to time of intervention, which were separately analyzed the studies in which TENS was applied in a single session on the first day after surgery [19,21] and studies in which TENS was applied continuously for 48 hours or more [20,23]. In both situations, it was observed that TENS significantly reduced pain compared to placebo TENS [(-0.83, 95% CI: -1.19 to -0.47) and (-1.60, 95% CI: -1.66 to -1.54), respectively] with absence of heterogeneity (I2 0%) (Figure 2). It was also analyzed for sensitivity to the age of the patients since the study of Chandra et al. [19] presented a mean age of 27 years, which differs from other studies in which the average age was 52 years. Excluding this study from the analysis, we found that patient age did not alter the observed result, but may have been a causative factor of statistical heterogeneity, because the exclusion of this study noted the absence of heterogeneity (-1.6; 95% CI: -1.66 to -1.54, I2: 0%).
Effects of interventions Analysis 1 - Studies that performed pulmonary surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach Pain Five studies [19-23] performed pulmonary thoracic surgery posterolateral thoracotomy approach and assessed pain postoperatively. Of these, four studies [19-21,23] compared TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia versus placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia. In this comparison, we found that TENS provided significant reduction in pain compared to placebo TENS [-
Fig. 3 - Analysis of pain related to studies that performed surgery with median sternotomy approach: comparison of TENS vs. placebo TENS; TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
Still, one study [22] compared TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia versus controlled pharmacological analgesia where it was observed that treatment with TENS associated with pharmacological was no more effective in reducing pain (-0.5, 95% CI: -1.27 to 0.27) compared to controlled pharmacological analgesia postoperative surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy approach.
TENS was applied in a single session on the first day after surgery [25, 26] also observed a significant reduction in pain compared placebo TENS , with no heterogeneity (1.10, 95% CI: -1.70 to -0.50) (Figure 3). Among these six studies, three [4, 25, 28] had a third group that performed only controlled pharmacological analgesic , and it is possible to compare TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia versus controlled pharmacological analgesia. In this analysis, it was observed that TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia reduced pain compared to controlled pharmacological analgesia (-1.23, 95% CI: -1.79 to -0.67, I2: 32%) (Figure 4). We performed sensitivity analysis with respect to time of intervention, which analyzed separately the studies that TENS was applied continuously in the postoperative period [4,28], thus excluding the study of Emmiler et al. [25] and also observed a reduction in pain compared TENS versus controlled pharmacological analgesia (-1.54, 95% CI: -2.16 to -0.92, I2: 0%) (Figure 4). It was not necessary to perform sensitivity analysis in relation to age of the patients, as patients from all studies included had an average age of 60 years.
Analysis 2 - Study that performed cardiac surgery with median sternotomy approach Pain Six studies [4,24-28] performed cardiac thoracic surgery with median sternotomy approach and assessed pain postoperatively. Five of the studies [4,25-28] compared TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia versus placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia and one study [24] compared TENS versus placebo TENS without association with pharmacological analgesia. Considering all studies together, it was observed that TENS provided significant reduction in pain compared to placebo TENS (-1.33, 95% CI: -1.89 to -0.77, I2: 58%). Except for the analysis of the study Cipriano et al. [24], which did not associate the use of TENS with pharmacological analgesia, there was no change in result (-1.38, 95% CI: -2.02 to -0.73). We performed a sensitivity analysis with respect to time of intervention, which analyzed separately the studies that
Forced vital capacity Two trials compared TENS versus placebo TENS in FVC [24,28]. We observed no significant difference between the two interventions [0.12 L, 95% CI: -0.27 to 0.51, I2: 80%] (Figure 5).
Fig. 4 - Analysis of pain related to studies that performed surgery with median sternotomy approach: comparison of TENS + pharmacological analgesia vs. controlled pharmacological analgesia; TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
Fig. 5 - Analysis of forced vital capacity refers to studies that performed surgery with median sternotomy approach: comparison of TENS vs. placebo TENS; TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
The high heterogeneity observed can be explained by the time the intervention was applied and the association with pharmacological analgesia. It was observed that the study of Cipriano et al. [24] applied TENS alone on the third day after surgery and this was not in association with pharmacological analgesia. Excluding this study, we found that TENS improves FVC if applied continuously in the first 24 hours postoperatively and if applied together with pharmacological analgesia (0.30 L, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.48). We could not perform sensitivity analyzes in relation to analgesic doses and the route used for administration, due to the analgesic protocol that was used in the postoperative period differ between the included studies, and thus difficult to compare, as it can be shown in Table 2. DISCUSSION Summary of evidence In this study, we found that TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia promoted more pain relief compared to placebo TENS in patients after thoracic surgery in both the approach by thoracotomy and sternotomy. At sternotomy, was also more effective than controlled pharmacological analgesia for pain relief, but no significant effect on pulmonary function. Strengths and limitations of the review This study has several strong methodological points, such as formulating a specific research question, performing a sensitive, broad and systematic review of literature, with explicit and reproducible eligibility criteria, without language limitations, performed by two reviewers independently; selection of the studies, data extraction and analysis of the methodological quality of the articles included, also performed by two independent reviewers; and use of metaanalysis, increasing the power of evidence of the study, as opposed to the previous systematic reviews. It was observed that the included RCTs were methodologically limited because none were in full the items noted in the assessment of risk of bias. In addition, doses
of analgesics and route used for administration of the same in the postoperative period were different between the studies included, which can cause differences in results in pain relief. Because of these methodological differences, the few studies and the small number of patients included, the analysis of sensitivity to pain medications has been damaged. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated the beneficial role of TENS in reducing pain when combined with pharmacological analgesia, as in the included studies there was a control group that received the same analgesic intervention group, differing only in the intervention received. Still, the studies included in systematic review included different types of surgical procedures, which can cause different mechanisms of injury and thus may interfere with the perception of postoperative pain. However, in studies of patients who underwent cardiac surgery has shown that there is no relationship between pain and the type of surgical procedure [3,6]. Therefore, the meta-analyzes were performed separately for the surgical approach (thoracotomy or sternotomy), since this can produce different levels of pain [2], regardless of the type of surgical procedure. It has been shown that TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia compared to placebo TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia promotes greater reduction in pain after thoracic surgery, both in pulmonary surgery via posterolateral thoracotomy and cardiac surgery via median sternotomy. This is consistent with the study Freynet & Falcoz [10], which showed the additional benefit of TENS for pain relief when combined with pharmacological analgesia after thoracotomy. Several studies have shown that TENS acts to relieve pain mainly by two mechanisms of action: modulation of nociceptive input signals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via peripheral stimulation of large myelinated nerve fibers and type A, and the release of endogenous opioids have analgesic effect. These two mechanisms come into play during TENS application and its effect remains even after the completion of the application [25]. In thoracic 85
Sbruzzi G, et al. - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):75-87
surgery, TENS can be applied in appropriate dermatomes related to the incision area, giving effect directly on the site of origin of pain, which may amplify the analgesic effects observed. In this systematic review, TENS associated with pharmacological analgesia compared to placebo TENS produced no change in FVC after median sternotomy. This may be due to the small number of studies included in this analysis (2 articles, n = 95), generating a wide confidence interval. It is possible that more studies with larger number of patients included and greater statistical power analysis to occur in the modification of this result, so there is no conclusive evidence about the effectiveness of TENS on pulmonary function after median sternotomy.
However, due to low methodological quality and small sample size of included studies, further RCTs are needed, with larger numbers of patients and greater methodological rigor to expand the power of information.
Comparisons with other reviews Freynet & Falcoz [10] also conducted a systematic review on the subject. However, this study included only nine RCTs applied TENS postoperative thoracotomy only, while the present review included 12 articles that applied TENS in the postoperative period of thoracic surgery with either approach by thoracotomy and sternotomy. Moreover, the authors limited the search for articles in English, while the current revision showed no limitation language. The present review also presents the advantage of performing meta-analysis, increasing the power of the evidence generated. Besides, the meta-analyzes took into consideration the type of surgical approach used in the included studies. This quantitative data analysis was not performed by the authors. For these reasons, some studies included in the review Freynet & Falcoz [10] were excluded from this review, or do not meet the eligibility criteria or due to incomplete data prevents statistical analysis. Another positive aspect of this study was reviewed by two independent investigators in all phases of research and presents the evaluation of risk of bias of included studies. Therefore, our study provides a greater level of evidence in relation to existing evidence and evidence updated literature search performed until August 2011, in contrast to the search performed by other authors, which was until May 2009. CONCLUSION Through this systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs can be concluded that TENS provides additional effect of pharmacological analgesia, as promoted greater pain relief compared to placebo TENS in patients after thoracic surgery, both in approach by thoracotomy and sternotomy. At sternotomy, was also more effective than controlled pharmacological analgesia for pain relief, but no significant effect on pulmonary function. TENS may be recommended as additional treatment for pain relief in thoracic surgery. 86
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior).
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10. Freynet A, Falcoz PE. Is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effective in relieving postoperative pain after thoracotomy? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;10(2):283-8.
Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study of the Effect of TENS on postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function. World J Surg. 2005;29(12):1563-70.
11. Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 5.0 ed. Chichester:John Wiley & Sons;2011. 12. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2009;8(5):336-41. 13. Robinson KA, Dickersin K. Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):150-3. 14. Rooney SM, Jain S, Goldiner PL. Effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on postoperative pain after thoracotomy. Anesth Analg. 1983;62(11):1010-2. 15. Bayindir O, Paker T, Akpinar B, Erenturk S, Askin D, Aytac A. Use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the control of postoperative chest pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991;5(6):589-91. 16. Dontaille M, Reeves B. TENS and pain control after coronary artery bypass surgery. Physiotherapy. 1997;83(10):510-6.
21. Liu YC, Liao WS, Lien IN. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for post-thoracotomic pain. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1985;84(7):801-9. 22. Solak O, Turna A, Pekcolaklar A, Metin M, Sayar A, Solak O, et al. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation for the treatment of postthoracotomy pain: a randomized prospective study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;55(3):182-5. 23. Warfield CA, Stein JM, Frank HA. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain after thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985;39(5):462-5. 24. Cipriano G Jr, Camargo Carvalho ACC, Bernardelli GF, Tayar Peres PA. Short-term transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after cardiac surgery: effect on pain, pulmonary function and electrical muscle activity. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008;7(4):539-43. 25. Emmiler M, Solak O, Kocogullari C, Dundar U, Ayva E, Ela Y, et al. Control of acute postoperative pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after open cardiac operations: a randomized placebo-controlled prospective study. Heart Surg Forum. 2008;11(5):E300-3.
17. Navarathnam RG, Wang IY, Thomas D, Klineberg PL. Evaluation of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator for postoperative analgesia following cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1984;12(4):345-50.
26. Ferraz FS, Moreira CMC. Eletroanalgesia com utilização de TENS no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Fisioter Mov. 2009;22(1):133-9.
18. Rooney SM, Jain S, McCormack P, Bains MS, Martini N, Goldiner PL. A comparison of pulmonary function tests for postthoracotomy pain using cryoanalgesia and transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;41(2):204-7.
27. Luchesa CA, Greca FH, Guarita-Souza LC, dos Santos JL, Aquim EE. The role of electroanalgesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(3):391-6.
19. Chandra A, Banavaliker JN, Das PK, Hasti S. Use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as an adjunctive to epidural analgesia in the management of acute thoracotomy pain. Indian J Anaesth. 2010;54(2):116-20.
28. Solak O, Emmiler M, Ela Y, Dundar U, Koçoiullari CU, Eren N, et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in postoperative pain management after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective study. Heart Surg Forum. 2009;12(5):E266-71.
20. Erdogan M, Erdogan A, Erbil N, Karakaya HK, Demircan A.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):88-96
Effect of SDS-based decelullarization in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehydepreserved bovine pericardium. Study in rats Efeito da descelularização com SDS na prevenção da calcificação em pericárdio bovino fixado em glutaraldeído. Estudo em ratos
Claudinei Collatusso1, João Gabriel Roderjan2, Eduardo Discher Vieira3, Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa4, Lucia de Noronha5, Daniele de Fátima Fornazari6
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120013
RBCCV 44205-1354
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the SDS-based decellularization process as an anticalcification method in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium in subcutaneous rat model. Methods: Pericardium samples with 0.5 cm2 area and divided into four groups: GDA group: 0.5% glutaraldehydepreserved pericardium (GDA); GDA-GL group: GDA + 0.2% glutamic acid (GL); D-GDA group: decellularized (D) pericardium with 0.1% SDS + GDA, and D-GDA-GL group: decellularized pericardium + GDA + 0.2% glutamic acid. Afterwards these samples were implanted in 18 rats in subcutaneous position up to 90 days. Each animal received samples of the four groups. The explants were performed at 45 and 90 days. The explants were subjected to histology in glass slides stained with hematoxilin-eosin and alizarin red, morphometry evaluation and the calcium content was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: The standard of inflammatory infiltrate was the same in all groups, however more intense in GDA and GDAGL groups in 45 days, increasing at 90 days. The calcium contents for 45 days were: 32.52 ± 3.19 µg/mg in GDA group; 22.12 ± 3.87 µg/mg in GDA-GL group; 1.06 ± 0.38 µg/mg in D-GDA group and 3.99 ± 5.78 µg/mg in D-GDA-GL (P< 0.001). For 90 days were 65.91 ± 24.67 µg/mg in GDA group; 38.37 ± 13.79 µg/mg in GDA-GL group; 1.24 ± 0.99 µg/mg in D-GDA group and 30.54 ± 8.21 µg/mg in D-GDA-GL (P< 0.001). Only D-GDA did not show increase rates of calcium at 45 to 90 days (P=0.314). Conclusion: SDS-based decellularization process reduced the inflammatory intensity and calcification in bovine pericardium in subcutaneous rat model for 90 days.
1. Master in Surgery, Cardiac Surgeon of Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil. 2. Master in Science of Health, Specialist in Cell Culture of Cardiovascular Grafts Center, Curitiba, Brazil. 3. Biologist, Specialist in Cell Culture of Cardiovascular Grafts Center, Curitiba, Brazil. 4. Associate Professor and Head of the Cardiac Surgery Service of Santa Casa de Curitiba and Hospital Ecoville, Curitiba, Brazil. 5. PhD in Pathology; Medica pathologist at the Laboratory of Experimental Pathology CCBS PUCPR, Curitiba, Brazil. 6. Cardiac Surgeon of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Curitiba
Study conducted at Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Descriptors: Bioprosthesis. Pericardium. Tissue engineering. Calcium.
Correspondence Address: Claudinei Collatusso Rua Schiller, 143 – ap. 1301 – Cristo Rei – Curitiba, PR, Brazil Zip Code: 80050-260 E-mail: claudineicl@yahoo.com.br
Article received on October 3rd, 2011 Article accepted on January 26th, 2012
Collatusso C, et al. - Effect of SDS-based decelullarization in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium. Study in rats
Abreviations, acronyms & symbols CO2 GDA GL HE PVPI SDS
carbon dioxide glutaraldehyde L-glutamic acid hematoxylin-eosin povidone iodine sodium dodecyl sulfate
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a descelularização com SDS como tratamento anticalcificante em pericárdio bovino fixado em glutaraldeído. Métodos: Peças de 0,5 cm2 foram implantadas em modelo subcutâneo de 18 ratos por até 90 dias. Foram formados quatro grupos: grupo GDA: pericárdio fixado em glutaraldeído 0,5% (GDA), grupo GDA-GL: pericárdio fixado em GDA + ácido glutâmico (GL) 0,2%, grupo D-GDA: pericárdio descelularizado (D) com SDS 0,1% e fixado em GDA e grupo D-GDA-GL: pericárdio descelularizado + GDA + ácido glutâmico 0,2%. Cada animal recebeu enxertos dos
INTRODUCTION The use of glutaraldehyde (GDA) as tissue fixation agent [1] made it possible for heart valve prostheses constructed with heterologous tissue could be used clinically with good results. In addition to being effective in sterilization and in reducing tissue antigenicity by masking of cellular antigens, GDA increases the biomechanical strength of the tissues which can imply better durability of bioprostheses. However, the tissue degeneration of dystrophic calcification is still problematic, especially in children and young adults [2]. The factors influencing calcification are multifactorial including the phospholipid composition of extracellular matrix, the intensity of inflammatory and immune responses to heterologous tissue and the mechanical stress caused by the movement of opening and closing the valve leaflets. Moreover, there is evidence that the proper fixing with glutaraldehyde also promotes the process of dystrophic calcification [3,4]. In an attempt to eliminate or delay this complication, several anti-calcification methods were tested, with varying degrees of success [5]. These methods aim primarily to remove the calcifying components of the tissue or neutralize the toxic effects of residual aldehydes [6-12].
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quatro grupos. Os explantes foram realizados com 45 e 90 dias. As avaliações foram: análise histológica com as colorações hematoxilina-eosina e alizarina-red, análise morfométrica e quantificação de cálcio por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Resultados: O padrão de infiltrado inflamatório foi o mesmo nos quatro grupos, sendo mais intenso nos grupos GDA e GDA-GL aos 45 dias, ficando mais evidente aos 90 dias. O conteúdo de cálcio aos 45 dias foi de 32,52 ± 3,19 µg/ mg no grupo GDA; 22,12 ± 3,87 µg/mg no grupo GDA-GL; 1,06 ± 0,38 µg/mg no grupo D-GDA e 3,99 ± 5,78 µg/mg no grupo D-GDA-GL (P< 0,001). Aos 90 dias, foi de 65,91 ± 24,67 µg/mg no grupo GDA; 38,37 ± 13,79 µg/mg no grupo GDAGL; 1,24 ± 0,99 µg/mg no grupo D-GDA e 30,54 ± 8,21 µg/mg no grupo D-GDA-GL (P< 0,001). O grupo D-GDA foi o único que não apresentou progressão da calcificação de 45 para 90 dias (P=0,314). Conclusão: A descelularização com SDS reduziu o processo inflamatório e inibiu a calcificação em pericárdio bovino implantado em modelo subcutâneo de ratos até 90 dias. Descritores: Bioprótese. Pericárdio. Engenharia tecidual. Cálcio.
It is well established that the cells and cellular debris present in the tissue constitute fixed initial outbreaks of crystallization. For they are devitalized, there is an imbalance in the calcium transport in these cells that leads to increased intracellular calcium, which binds to cell membrane phospholipids, with consequent formation of calcium phosphate crystals. Therefore, the technology of tissue decellularization allows to obtain acellular matrices that, at least in theory, are less immunogenic and with reduced potential for calcification [13-17]. Our research group at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR) developed decellularization technology of homografts based on solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experimental and clinical results of studies have demonstrated that aortic homograft and pulmonary homografts are less immunogenic and capable of being repopulated “in vivo” after implantation. Furthermore, there was no calcification of both cusps as in the arterial wall of the grafts, even in grafts implanted in children and adolescents up to 6 years of clinical outcome [18,19]. This study intends to verify experimentally in rats, if SDS decellularization applied to the bovine pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde prostheses commercially available is also effective in reducing calcification in this situation. 89
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METHODS The bovine pericardium were obtained from local abattoirs and sent immediately to the laboratory where it was held mechanically cleaning of the fat from the the pericardial surface, cut into pieces of 10 cm2 and then stored in a phosphate buffer solution (0.1 M PBS pH 7.4 - Sigma, IL) at 4°C. The pericardium was divided into four groups according to the method of tissue treating: • Group 1 (GDA - Control Group) - Fresh pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde (0.5% glutaraldehyde purified on charcoal by filtration - Merck, Germany) in phosphate buffer (PBS 0,1M pH 7,4 – Sigma, IL, USA) (v / v) for 72 hours at 20 ° C; • Group 2 (GDA-GL) - GDA 0.5% (glutaraldehyde purified on charcoal by filtration - Merck, Germany) in phosphate buffer (PBS 0,1M pH 7,4 – Sigma, IL, USA) (v / v) for 72 hours at 20 ° C and subsequently treated with 0.2% glutamic acid (Sigma, IL, USA) (m / v) in phosphate buffer (PBS 0,1M pH 3,5 – Sigma, IL) for 24 hours at 20 ° C; • Group 3(D-GDA) - pericardium decellularized in 0.1% SDS (Brazilian patent PI 800603-2) and then fixed in 0.5% glutaraldehyde (Merck, Germany) for 72 hours; • Group 4 (D-GDA-GL) - pericardium decellularized in 0.1% SDS, and then fixed in glutaraldehyde (0.5% glutaraldehyde purified on charcoal by filtration - Merck, Germany) for 72 hours at 20 ° C; subsequently treated with 0.2% glutamic acid (Sigma, IL, USA) (m / v) in phosphate buffer (PBS 0,1M pH 3,5 – Sigma, IL,USA) for 24 hours at 20 °C.
Fig. 1 - Sample of bovine pericardium stained with HE 200x after decellularization process. We observed no cell architecture of the extracellular matrix fibers preserved
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All procedures for preparation of the pericardium were performed in a laminar flow, using sterile instruments and solutions, following the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices. The fragments of the groups that involved pericardium decellularization were analyzed by hematoxylineosin (HE) to confirm the complete removal of the cells (Figure 1). Samples were prepared for implantation by cutting the four pericardium segments of each treatment group, in 18 samples of 0.5 cm2 each, which were maintained in sterile saline solution until the time of implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Subcutaneous implantation in rats For testing of calcification it was used the experimental model in the subcutaneous tissue of young rats [18]. All procedures were performed in accordance with the “Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” published in the U.S. National Institute Health (NIH publication 85-23, revised in 1996). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA PUC-PR, No. 620. The study included rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (CEMIB - Campinas, SP, Brazil), aged four weeks old, weighing between 70 and 90 g, with an implanted pericardium of each group in each animal. A total of 18 rats were used, which were anesthetized with 10 mg / g of ketamine (Crystalia, Brazil) and 3 mg / g of xylazine (Bayer, Brazil) by intraperitoneal injection. The animals were placed in the prone position, then it was performed trichotomy of the dorsal and then made asepsis with povidone-iodine (PVP - Segment, Brazil). The pericardium segments were implanted in four distinct areas: the left scapular region GDA Group; right scapular region - GDA-GL group, the left lumbar region – D-GDA group, and right lumbar region - DGDA-GL group. After surgery, the animals received antibiotics - cefazolin sodium 4 mg / kg (ABL, Brazil) and analgesic - dipyrone 10 mg / g (Bayer, Brazil) was administered for 3 days. The animals were housed in cages with sawdust controlled and received food and water ad libitum. The animals were divided into two groups of nine rats each, according to the time of explant. The first group included nine animals that had the pericardium explanted at 45 days and the second group involved the remaining nine rats that had the pericardium explanted at 90 postoperative days. For explants, the animals were anaesthetized with anesthetic and the same protocol, and then were euthanized in a chamber of CO2. Samples were withdrawn from the subcutaneous skin incision and removal of adhesions, and washed in isotonic saline, and cut into two equal parts. The first half was used for histomorphological analysis and another for measuring the
Collatusso C, et al. - Effect of SDS-based decelullarization in the prevention of calcification in glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium. Study in rats
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):88-96
concentration of calcium by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Statistical Analysis The results were expressed as mean, median, minimum values, maximum values and standard deviations. To compare the two groups in terms of quantitative variables, it was considered the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Comparisons between more than two groups were made using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. To compare the evaluation times within each group, we used the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The data were organized into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed with the software Statistica v.8.0.
Atomic absorption spectrometry The samples for atomic absorption spectrometry for quantitation of calcium, were dried at 200oC in an oven for 2 hours, weighed in its entirety and hydrolyzed in glass tubes containing 1 ml of 6M hydrochloric acid. The tubes were heated to 92oC water bath. After the process, the hydrolyzed samples were sent for analysis using the instrument PERKIN ELMER 4100 (LACTEC - PR, Brazil), and the results expressed in mg of calcium per mg of tissue - bovine pericardium.
RESULTS Histomorphological analysis The explants were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, mounted in paraffin and cut into microtome to 5 µm. The sections were mounted onto glass slides and stained with HE and Alizarin Red pH 4.2 and 7.0 (Sigma, IL, USA). The histomorphological study aimed primarily to evaluate the intensity and characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate and calcification. The histopathological characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate were made according to the methodology described by Maizato et al.20, which include the analysis of the presence of granulomatous reaction, mononuclear infiltrate, granulomatous tissue, necrotic tissue and bacteria. Quantification was based on the percentile extension seen in the microscopic fields and graded from 0 to 4 as follows: • 0: no change in the examined tissue; • 1: changes present between 1-25% of the tissue area analyzed; • 2: changes present between 26-56% of the tissue area analyzed; • 3: changes present between 51-75% of the tissue area analyzed; • 4: changes present between 76-100% of the tissue area analyzed analyzed. The calcification analysis was performed by measuring morphometric calcified area compared to the non-calcified area, measured in histological sections stained with alizarinred in two pH’s: pH 4.2 for calcium phosphate and pH 7.0 for calcium oxalate and other calcium salts resulting in a percentage of calcified tissue [10]. The morphometric analyses were performed on images captured by an optical microscope Olympus DX-40, coupled to a system of capturing images at a 100x magnification. The measurements were performed using the percentage comparison tool of software ImagePro Plus 6 being repeated twice by different observers in blind test. Measurement results were recorded in a spreadsheet and statistically analyzed.
Histomorphometric analysis There was inflammatory infiltration with the same characteristics in the four groups (Figure 2). However, we observed that the decellularization reduced the intensity of this reaction, since the groups D-GDA and D-GDA-GL were those who had the lowest percentages of inflammatory cells, at 45 and 90 days of evolution (P <0.001 .) The pericardia from group GDA-GL presented the most pronounced inflammatory reactions when compared to other groups (Table 1). There were no areas of necrosis or the presence of bacteria in either group. Staining with alizarin at pH 4.2 and 7, the authors emphasize the presence of calcification, especially in groups GDA and GDA-GL, with large amounts of calcium crystals visible in the central region of the pericardium explanted. The best results were obtained with the group D-GDA, in which the calcification was non-existent or minimal in both periods. The pericardia from group D-GDA-GL had histological appearance similar to the group D-GDA on day 45 of evolution, however, at 90 days, it was already possible to show some small focal granules of calcification. Figure 3 illustrates the histological aspects of staining with alizarin red pH 4.2, which show calcification due to deposition of crystals of calcium phosphate at 45 and 90 days of evolution. Morphometry of the amount of calcium by alizarin staining at pH 4.2 and 7, confirmed the visual interpretation of histological images (Figure 4). Statistically, all groups had significantly less calcification than the control group. However, when compared group to group, group D-GDA was the one which statistically had the lowest rates of calcification at 45 and 90 days of evolution (P <0.0001) compared to other groups. The only exception was the group D-GDA-GL at 45 days, where calcification by alizarinred pH 7 was similar to group 3. Quantitation of calcium The values of the amount of calcium in ì g of calcium/mg 91
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Fig. 2 - Samples of bovine pericardium after explant and stained with HE. A- GDA-45 days; B - GDA-GL 45 days, C-D- GDA 45 days, D –GDA-GL 45 days; E - GDA 90 days; F-GDA-GL 90 days; G - D-GDA 90 days, H –DGDA-GL 90 days. We can observe the inflammatory infiltrate and the architecture of the matrix. The lowest intensity of infiltration is seen in C and G with adequate preservation of the extracellular matrix
Table 1. histomorphological evaluation of the inflammatory infiltrate in groups Group GDA GDA-GL D-GDA D-GDA-GL
Evaluation 45 days 90 days 45 days 90 days 45 days 90 days 45 days 90 days
Granulomatous reaction 2.5 ±0.5 3 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 1
Mononuclear infiltrate 1.6 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.9 2.6 ± 1.1 2.5 ± 1.2 1.2 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.5 2 ± 0.7 2.4 ± 0.5
Granulation tissue 2.8 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.7 1.5 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.3 2.1 ± 0.6 1.7 ± 0.8
Necrosis 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
Bacteria 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison of the four groups. Granulomatous reaction at 45 days P <0.0001, at 90 days P <0.0001; mononuclear cells at 45 days P = 0.0094 at 90 days P = 0.042; granulation tissue at 45 days P = 0.0001, at 90 days P = 0.0001
Fig. 3 - Samples of bovine pericardium stained with alizarin red-pH4, 2. A - GDA 45 days; B - GDA-GL 45 days, C-D-GDA 45 days; D –D-GDA-GL 45 days; E - GDA 90 days; F – GDA-GL 90 days, G - D-GDA 90 days, H – D-GDA-GL 90 days. The higher intensity of red indicates the deposition of calcium. The control group has the largest deposits (asterisk), groups C and G do not show areas of calcification. In groups D and H, we observed focal calcifications (arrows)
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Table 2. Calcium values in groups in different time intervals. Group GDA
GDA-GL
D-GDA
D-GDA-GL
Evaluation 45 days 90 days Dif (90d - 45d) 45 days 90 days Dif (90d - 45d) 45 days 90 days Dif (90d - 45d) 45 days 90 days Dif (90d - 45d)
n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Mean 32.52 65.91 33.40 22.12 38.37 16.25 1.06 1.24 0.18 3.99 30.54 26.56
Median 32.48 62.50 28.19 23.02 31.82 15.54 0.86 1.04 0.14 0.95 31.96 25.84
Minimum 26.63 38.33 6.12 16.28 21.35 -3.65 0.81 0.71 -0.74 0.83 17.58 13.06
Maxim 37.20 111.60 84.97 26.76 59.83 40.26 1.77 2.17 1.16 18.55 41.90 41.08
Standard Deviation 3.19 24.67 26.65 3.87 13.79 14.23 0.38 0.49 0.67 5.79 8.21 10.10
Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison of the four groups. At 45 days P <0.001 at 90 days P <0.001 and Dif (90 d - 45 d) P <0.001
Fig. 4 - Chart showing the percentages of calcified areas in the groups studied at different pHs, 45 and 90 days of evolution
Fig. 5 - Distribution of calcification by groups in time intervals
of tissue obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are shown in Table 2 and Figure 5. It can be observed that the amount progressively increased in groups GDA, GDA-GL and D-GDA-GL. Similarly to what was observed by morphometry, all groups had significantly less calcification than the control group. The D-GDA group, in addition to being the one that had the lowest values for the amount of calcium was the only one who showed no calcification, with similar values at 45 and 90 days of evolution (P = 0.314). The comparison of the two by two groups in the time intervals can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3. Comparison between groups at the same time of explant and the differences between the time of explant.
DISCUSSION The mechanisms of calcification of biological valve prostheses are complex and multifactorial, involving biochemical, immunological and biomechanical aspects among others3. Furthermore, the interaction of biological
P Value (comparison of groups in pairs) 45 days 90 dayd Dif (90d-45d) GDA e GDA-GL < 0.001 < 0.001 0.055 GDA e D-GDA < 0.001 < 0.001 0.000 GDA e D-GDA-GL < 0.001 < 0.001 0.975 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.001 GDA-GL e D-GDA GDA-GL e D-GDA-GL < 0.001 0.267 0.059 D-GDA e D-GDA-GL 0.059 < 0.001 < 0.001 Groups compared
Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0,05
factors related to patients with heterologous tissue after implantation are important in the occurrence of tissue degeneration and progressive dystrophic calcification [1-3]. It is well established that the membranes and cellular debris, rich in phospholipids are the source of initial 93
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deposition of calcium crystals. The combination of these crystals causes the formation of nodules with consequent thickening and thinning of the fabric, increasing the amount of dystrophic calcification. Furthermore, the inflammatory reaction caused by the presence of fixed tissue and the residual aldehyde fixation process, calcium eager to favor a gradual deposition of crystals [3-5]. Several therapeutic approaches have been tested in order to prevent or delay tissue degeneration, thus prolonging the durability of bioprostheses. These approaches aim to preferentially interfere with two main mechanisms of calcification: remove the elements capable of initiating tissue calcification or neutralize toxic aldehyde residuals resulting from tissue fixation solution [9]. The tissue decellularization technology for the use of detergent solutions and / or enzyme, has been employed in order to completely remove all cells and cellular debris, leaving only the extracellular matrix intact [14]. This methodology can be dual contribution to reducing calcification, and removes the cells as initial point of calcium deposition, reduces the antigenicity of the tissue, which might decrease the inflammatory and immune response by the recipient, which would tend to decrease the progressive tissue degeneration [16]. Our research group at the Center for Cardiovascular Grafts of PUCPR developed decellularization solution based on 0.1% SDS solution. This solution was initially tested in aortic and pulmonary homografts, and the results, both experimental and clinical, have demonstrated marked reduction in calcification [18,19]. Thus, it seemed appropriate to study the effects of this solution in heterologous tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde, to verify its effectiveness as an agent in calcification of bovine pericardial bioprostheses and / or porcine prostheses. The efficiency of our method of decellularization was confirmed by histologic controls with HE performed before fixation with glutaraldehyde (Figure 1), where we observe the presence of an intact collagen extracellular matrix with a complete absence of cellular elements. Similar work had been done by Oswal et al. [15], demonstrating that SDS solution allowed the complete bovine pericardium decellularization of maintaining the integrity of the extracellular matrix. We chose the model of subcutaneous implantation in rats, being a cheap, practical and well established in the literature. However, we are aware that, once proven the effectiveness of the methodology will be needed for confirmation in more sophisticated models, such as implantation in pulmonary or systemic circulation of sheep. Preliminary study of our research group, using the same experimental model used here, has shown that glutamic acid was effective in reducing the calcification of bovine pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde [12]. For this reason,
fixed in glutaraldehyde bovine pericardium formed our control group, whereas the addition of decellularization or post-treatment were compared with glutamic acid alone or in combination to determine the most efficient way to reduce calcification. The correlation between the intensity of the inflammatory response and the occurrence of calcification was demonstrated by Manjii et al. [4]. In our study, we found that all groups have caused some degree of inflammatory reaction, however, the group D-GDA was what the answer was more attenuated. Similar results were reported by Gonçalves et al. [16], which showed that removal of cells eliminates antigens present in the membranes, reducing the inflammatory foreign body of the heterograft. Wang et al. [6] used the tannic acid, reducing the inflammatory reaction, with consequent reduction in calcification of bovine pericardium. In our results with glutamic acid, we observed that the inflammatory reaction was similar to the control group. Furthermore, addition of glutamic acid treatment to decellularized pericardium (DGDA-GL) inflammatory response triggered steeper than the pericardium only decellularized (D-GDA). The explanation for this finding is not apparent, but we understand that the acidic pH of this treatment can somehow damage the fiber structure of the extracellular matrix, leading to greater intensity of inflammatory reaction. By alizarin-red staining at pHs of 4.2 and 7.0, we observed that calcification had direct correlation with the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The pericardium groups GDA and GDA-GL developed severe calcification occupying the entire central portion of the fabric, while the pericardium is decellularized showed calcification free, even after 90 days of development. Although the results in group D-GDA-GL are similar to those of group D-GDA 45 days thereafter we observed some focal calcification at 90 days, demonstrating that there was no synergism in the actions of anticalcification decellularization with glutamic acid. The quantitative measurement of the amount of calcium confirmed our morphometric analysis. Treatment with glutamic acid reduced the amount of calcium in the control group, which had been documented by Ferreira et al. [12]. Moreover, the study of Jorge-Herrero et al. [8] glutamic acid was not as effective and, paradoxically, the pericardium treated behaved worse than the control group. Conflicting results from these studies can at least partly be explained by different methods in the use of glutamic acid, such as concentration, pH and temperature of exposure of the tissue. The effectiveness of the decellularization method as calcification of bovine pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde can be clearly demonstrated by the negligible amount of calcium found at 45 days (1.06 mg / mg tissue) and remained stable within 90 days of evolution (1, 24 Ï g / mg tissue), these values being significantly lower than those found in
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other groups. As already evidenced by histological analysis, the post-treatment with glutamic acid in the pericardium was not decellularized anticalcification method as synergism. Instead, despite the calcium values were similar in groups D-GDA and D-GDA-GL at 45 days of evolution, the longer observation for 90 days showed a significant increase of calcium in the group D-GDA-GL. As demonstrated by Jorge-Herrero et al. [8], glutamic acid displays unstable connection with aldehydes residual GDA, which break through the passage of time, which would favor the formation of crystals of calcium at a later stage. The explanation for the possible deleterious effect of glutamic acid in this situation should be further understood. Costa et al. [13] have demonstrated experimentally the effectiveness of the decellularization method as calcification in bovine pericardium. In this study, the decellularization of bovine pericardium using an alkaline solution to prevent calcification in 90 days. In the method of Shen et al. [7] with the combination of ethanol, ether and Tween 80 detergent, calcium levels were 13.1 ì g / mg tissue in mice at 180 days. In our study, the amount of calcium found in decellularized pericardium was low, with a reduction of 65 µg / mg tissue in the control group to 1.24 µg / mg tissue in the pericardium treated for 90 days of evolution. Although the results can not be directly compared due to differences in methodologies and varying times of observation, reducing the amount of calcium has been a common denominator in these studies. Furthermore, the efficiency of use of detergents such as SDS method as in heterologous tissue calcification can already be achieved clinically proven explants prosthesis Hancock II. In a study of Bottio et al. [17], the removal of phospholipids by SDS levels resulted in only 14.70 mg calcium / g tissue prostheses structural degeneration of explanted human versus 99 mg calcium / g of tissue calcification after prosthesis degeneration with an average 94 months of implantation in humans. Other anticalcification methods, although reducing the amount of calcium, were not as effective as compared to decellularization. Wang et al. [6] observed a reduction of calcium levels of 90 mg / g tissue in the control group to 6.4 mg / g tissue at 21 days after surgery with the use of tannic acid. Since Pettenazzo et al. [9] demonstrated the effectiveness of using octanediol, with reduced levels of calcium of 165 µg / mg to 2.36 µg / mg at 75 days. Carpentier et al. [11], heat treatment at 50 ° C, reduced calcium levels of 108 µg / mg of tissue to 19 mg / mg of tissue implants in rats for 90 days.
rats. There was no further reduction in the amount of calcium by simultaneous treatment with glutamic acid. Based on these results, we recommend the confirmation of its effectiveness in a circulation model of large animals.
CONCLUSION The decellularization of bovine pericardium with 0.1% SDS solution (Solution PUCPR) was effective in reducing calcification by up to 90 days in subcutaneous implants in
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19. Costa FD, Costa AC, Prestes R, Domanski AC, Balbi EM, Ferreira AD, et al. The early e midterm function of decellularized aortic valve allografts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(6):1854-60. 20. Maizato MJ, Pires MD, Canzian M, Higa OZ, Pitombo RN, Leirner AA. Histological evaluation of biocompatibility of lyophilized bovine pericardium implanted subcutaneously in rats. Artif Organs. 2008;32(4):268-71.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):97-102
Surgical repair of coarctation of aorta in adults under left heart bypass Correção cirúrgica da coarctação da aorta em adultos sob assistência circulatória extracorpórea esquerda
Eduardo Carvalho Ferreira1, Vinícius José da Silva Nina2, Marco Aurélio Sales Assef3, Nathalia Almeida Cardoso da Silva4, Shirlyne Fabianni Dias Gaspar4, Fernando Alberto Costa Cardoso da Silva5, Rozélia Sousa Nascimento6
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120014 Abstract Objective: To describe our experience with repair of coarctation of the aorta in adults using left heart bypass. Methods: From November 2007 to October 2009, eight adult patients with coarctation of the aorta underwent surgical repair under circulatory support using a left atrium to femoral artery bypass circuit, with graft interposition tube through left posterolateral thoracotomy. Five patients were female, with mean age of 31.5 ± 13.1 years. All patients had hypertension and others associated cardiovascular diseases. Results: There were no deaths or neurological complications. The mean surgical time was 308 minutes with mean left heart bypass and distal aortic clamping time of 73 and 65 minutes respectively. Postoperative bleeding was 696 ml in average. Six patients developed severe hypertension postoperatively requiring intravenous vasodilators. The mean length of stay was 9 days. A significant reduction of gradient blood pressure occurred. Echocardiographic follow-up up to two months postoperatively showed mean aortic / graft gradient of 20.3 mmHg. Conclusion: In this series the use of left heart bypass
1. Cardiovascular Surgeon at Presidente Dutra University Hospital - Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil. 2. PhD, Professor and Director of the Presidente Dutra University Hospital - Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil. 3. Specialist in Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiac Surgeon at Presidente Dutra University Hospital - Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil. 4. Graduated from Medical School at the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil. 5. Specialist in Cardiology and Echocardiography, Presidente Dutra University Hospital - Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil. 6. Perfusionist at Presidente Dutra University Hospital - Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil.
RBCCV 44205-1355 showed to be a safe option in the surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta in adults, especially in patients with abnormal aortic wall. There was no spinal cord ischemia in the cases studied. Descriptors: Aortic coarctation. Heart bypass, left. Paraplegia. Adult.
Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a experiência do serviço com a correção da coarctação da aorta em adultos utilizando assistência circulatória esquerda. Métodos: De novembro de 2007 a outubro de 2009, oito pacientes adultos com coarctação da aorta foram submetidos a correção cirúrgica com interposição de enxerto tubular através de toracotomia póstero-lateral esquerda e uso de assistência circulatória com uso de circuito átrio esquerdo e artéria femoral. Cinco pacientes eram do sexo feminino e tinham idade média de 31,5 ± 13,1 anos. Todos tinham hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e apresentavam doenças cardiovasculares associadas.
Work performed at the Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil.
Correspondence address: Eduardo Carvalho Ferreira. Boa Vista Avenue- Jaqueiras Condominium- House 2 - Aracagi - São Luís, Brazil –Zip Code: 65068-550. E-mail: edu.ferreira-pi@hotmail.com
Article received on October 28, 2011 Article accepted on February 5, 2012
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Ferreira EC, et al. - Surgical repair of coarctation of aorta in adults under left heart bypass
Abbreviations, Acronyms & Symbols ECC CA SAH DBP SBP
extracorporeal circulation coarctation of the aorta systemic arterial hypertension dystolic blood pressure systolic blood pressure
Resultados: Não houve óbitos ou complicações neurológicas. O tempo médio cirúrgico foi de 308 minutos, o tempo médio de assistência circulatória de 73 minutos e o de pinçamento aórtico médio de 65 minutos. O sangramento médio no pós-operatório foi de 696 ml. Seis pacientes
INTRODUCTION The coarctation of the congenital aorta (CoA) is a disease whose natural history was significantly altered by surgical correction in childhood [1], providing significant improvement in the expectation and quality of life of patients [2]. In addition to congenital coarctation, inflammatory diseases such as Takayasu’s arteritis (or reversed coarctation) are important causes of aortic stenosis [3]. Several surgical techniques have been used, but they have limitations and specific applications [2]. The correction in adulthood has peculiarities, mainly due to the presence of comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), severe calcification of the stenosed area and proximity, changes in the aortic wall [1,4], and other associated heart diseases (patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, aortic valve changes and others) [5]. The risk of paraplegia is significantly higher in adolescents, adults and recoarctations, with an incidence of 2.6% [6], especially when the collateral circulation is poor. The use of extracorporeal circulation (CPB) for correction of aortic coarctation can help maintain spinal cord perfusion during aortic clamping [7]. Thus, this study aims to describe the experience with the surgical correction of aortic coarctation in adult patients using extracorporeal circulatory assistance through circuit between the left atrium and femoral artery.
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evoluíram com HAS grave no pós-operatório, sendo necessário uso de vasodilatadores endovenosos. As altas hospitalares ocorreram em média no 9º dia pós-operatório. Houve redução significativa do gradiente médio da pressão arterial sistêmica. O seguimento ambulatorial com ecocardiograma até dois meses de pós-operatório demonstrou gradiente aorta/enxerto médio de 20,3 mmHg. Conclusão: O uso da assistência circulatória esquerda pode ser uma opção na correção cirúrgica da coarctação da aorta em adultos, principalmente em pacientes com alterações parede da aorta, não sendo observada isquemia medular nos casos estudados. Descritores: Coartação aórtica. Derivação cardíaca esquerda. Paraplegia. Adulto.
aorta to the level of the stenosed area. All patients had hypertension and were in regular use of antihypertensive medications. One patient had left ventricular dysfunction (according to guidelines of heart failure) [8]. Some patients had associated cardiovascular diseases (aneurysm of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve without dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, patent ductus arteriosus, subaortic stenosis, Takayasu’s arteritis). One patient was diabetic. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured in the preoperative period in the right upper limb ranged from 120 to 200 mmHg (mean 160 ± 25.6 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 80-110 mmHg (mean 95 ± 9,2 mmHg). Demographic characteristics of all preoperative patients are shown in Table 1. The study was descriptive, with all cases operated at Presidente Dutra University Hospital (São Luis, Maranhao, Brazil), being authorized by the Research Ethics Committee, without identification of the patients studied and no attitudes concerning the authors that were characterized as conflict of interest. Data were analyzed using the software BioEstat ® 5.0 by calculating the mean and standard deviation. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures and systolic gradients throught the coarctation before and after correction were compared using the paired Student’s t-Test, in which P value was considered significant when less than 0.05.
METHODS Eight adult patients aged between 23 and 62 years were operated from November 2007 to October 2009, (mean 31.5 ± 13.1 years), in which 5 of them were female. Six patients had echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis of aortic coarctation, generating pressure gradient (mean 71.5 ± 20.7 mmHg) and two had total disruption of the thoracic 98
Surgical technique We used the same surgical procedure in all cases, with the patient under general anesthesia using a selective double lumen cannula in the airway and exposure of the left inguinal region. We performed a left posterolateral thoracotomy at the fourth intercostal space. The aortic arch, left subclavian artery, the area of coarctation and the
Ferreira EC, et al. - Surgical repair of coarctation of aorta in adults under left heart bypass
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Table 1. Preoperative characteristics of patients operated for aortic coarctation, in chronological order. Patients
Gender
1 2 3 4 5
Female Female Female Male Female
Age (years) 62 24 28 23 28
6 7 8
Male Male Female
36 22 29
Associated Diseases
EF (%) 63 61 73 75 50
Ao Gradient (mmHg) 51 75 52 62 110
Preoperative AP (mmHg) 160x100 180x100 120x80 150x90 200x110
Thoracic aortic aneurysm, diabetes Thoracic aortic aneurysm BAV Mild subaortic stenosis BAV, PDA, thoracic aortic aneurysm, severe PAH BAV, LVD Interruption of the descending aorta Takayasu's arteritis, interruption of the descending aorta, abdominal aortic aneurysm
40 66 80
94 70* 60*
180x100 150x90 140x90
BAV = bicuspid aortic valve, PDA = patent ductus arteriosus; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension, LVD = left ventricular dysfunction; Ao Gradient = pressure gradient between the aorta and the post-coarctation area; * = estimated by the difference in SBP between upper limb and femoral artery in the intraoperative period.
Fig. 2 - Cannulation of the left femoral artery
Fig. 1 - Pericardiotomy and left atrial cannulation; Phrenic nerve (Nervo Frênico); Left auricle (Aurícula esquerda); Pericardium (Pericárdio)
descending aorta were carefully dissected and mobilized, as well as the isolation of adjacent lumbar branches and exposure of the left femoral artery. The pericardiotomy was performed through a parallel incision to the phrenic nerve. Heparin was administered systemically (4 mg / kg) followed by cannulation of the left auricle (Figure 1) and the left femoral artery (Figure 2). Left circulatory assistance was initiated maintaining the blood supply to the descending aorta through the left femoral artery using a peristaltic pump without the use of a membrane oxygenator. The aorta was
clamped at first in conjunction with the proximal left subclavian artery and then the distal portion of the defect. The ventilation was selectively maintained during blood deviation. During the procedure, blood pressure was maintained without difficulty on the average of 60 mmHg by restricting the drained blood (partial drainagel) of the left atrium. The flow of the roller pump was maintained according to the pre-pressure monitoring cannula in the femoral artery above 50 mmHg. The temperature was maintained during surgery around 36.0° C. The segment was replaced by Dacron tube (16 mm to 18 mm) ranging from 6 cm to 10 cm long, sutured with a 4.0 polypropylene wire, and the use of hemostatic biological glue in some cases (Fig. 3). We tried to preserve, wherever possible, the branches that irrigated the spinal cord. We conducted distal and proximal declamping and removal of the atrial and femoral cannulae, followed by heparin reversal. 99
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Table 2. Evaluation of postoperative patients operated for aortic coarctation, in chronological order. Patients Surgical Time (min) 1 360 2 300 3 240 4 280 5 310 6 300 7 8
320 360
CAT (min) 80 70 45 80 75 65 75 100
C-time Tube Discharge Ao Gradient (min) (mm) (dias) (mmHg) 75 18 6º PO 31 65 18 7º PO 18 41 18 7º PO 23 59 18 7º PO 10 60 16 9º PO 37 61 18 26º PO 15 69 90
18 18
6º PO 4º PO
16 13
Postoperative AP (mmHg) 130x90 100x60 100x70 120x70 130x80 110x60 130x80 140x90
PO complications ___ SAH, hoarseness SAH SAH SAH, Chronic pain AF, SAH, fever with positive HMC ___ SAH
CAT = circulatory assistance time; C-time = aortic clamping time; Ao Gradient = pressure gradient between the aorta and graft, PO Complications = postoperative complications; AF = atrial fibrillation; HMC = hemoculture
Fig. 4 - Comparison of aortic pressure gradients in the preoperative period (Preoperative Ao Gradient) and in the postoperative period (Postoperative Ao Gradient); P = 0.0019 (SBP); P = 0.0023 (DBP) Figure 3 - Corrected aortic coarctation with Dacron tube
RESULTS Table 2 shows the main variables in the surgical repair of aortic coarctation. The average time of surgery was 308 ± 39.7 minutes, the mean circulatory assistance of 73 ± 15.5 minutes and aortic cross-clamping was 65 ± 14.1 minutes. They were discharged from the ICU between the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day, with six patients who develop severe systemic arterial hypertension, necessitating the use of intravenous vasodilators. There were no deaths or neurological complications. One patient had transient hoarseness. The hospital discharges occurred between the 4th and th 26 postoperative days, with an average of 9 ± 7.0 days. 100
Only one patient had their hospital stay after surgery due to increased bacteremia and made use of intravenous antibiotics. The follow-up period with echocardiography performed up to the 2nd postoperative month showed good surgical results in all cases, only two patients with aortic / graft gradient greater than 30 mmHg (mean = 20.3 ± 9.3 mmHg) (Figure 4). A patient with chronic pain in the wound was referred to outpatient clinic specialized in pain. The SBP in postoperative period was 100 to 140 mmHg (mean 120 ± 15.1 mmHg) and DBP was 60-90 mmHg (mean 75 ± 11.9 mmHg) (Figure 5).
Ferreira EC, et al. - Surgical repair of coarctation of aorta in adults under left heart bypass
Fig. 5 - Comparison of systolic blood pressure (PAS) and diastolic (PAD), means in the preoperative and postoperative periods; P = 0.003 (PAS); P = 0.003 (PAD); P <0.001
DISCUSSION Aortic coarctation is a congenital malformation that can lead to premature death if not treated without correction, with 50% mortality without treatment at the age of 30 years, 75% at 46 years and 90% at 58 years [9]. Inflammatory diseases such as Takayasuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arteritis (reversed coarctation) also involve the aorta and its branches, which may lead to stenosis or obstruction [10]. Surgery in older patients differs from the standard repair of coarctation in children, mainly due to severe calcification of the distal aortic arch and left subclavian artery [4]. Paraplegia is a devastating complication after the correction of the aortic coarctation, with an overall incidence of 0.3% to 1.5%. The prevention of paraplegia should always be decisive in the mind of the surgeon every time the surgery is performed, especially in adult patients [11], which the incidence of paraplegia almost doubles [6]. The lack of development of collaterals that provide an adequate supply to the spinal cord can be determined by clinical circumstances as: primary mild aortic coarctation, recurrent coarctation after surgery (with or without aneurysm), origin of the distal subclavian artery to the coarctation and coarctation after inadequate balloon dilation or stent placement by interventional [12]. Several techniques of circulatory deviations have been employed during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta over the years in an effort to prevent distal ischemia of the spinal cord [13]. Studies have shown benefits in spinal cord protection in surgery of temporary interruption of the aortic blood flow when the circulatory assistance is installed [12.14]. In our series, there were no neurological complications, despite the limited
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sample. The aortic coarctation present until adulthood is uncommon, being observed by Bouchart et al. [9] annual average of 1.75 adult patients operated in 20 years, being more prevalent in males (2 to 3:1) [15]. Wong et al. [6], between 1997 and 2000, underwent correction of nine cases of aortic coarctation using extracorporeal circulation, but only 3 patients were 18 years old or more. In our series, there was a greater female predominance and the presence of eight cases of coarctation in adults over a period of two years can be explained by the difficulty of early diagnosis in the region. The pre-cannula pressure in the distal aorta was maintained above 50 mmHg, according to Hughes and Reemtsma analysis [16], which recommended a safe perfusion pressure in the distal aorta above this value. Carr et al. [17], assessing the correction of aortic coarctation in 45 adolescents and young adults, reported a mean operative time of 3.8 Âą 0.7 hours (228 min) and average clamping time of 31 Âą 15 min, and in five patients of his series, extracorporeal circulation was used. The increased surgery duration in the study presented was mainly due to the time of preparation for circulatory support and technical difficulties, arising especially from the aortic wall calcifications, and presence of large collateral circulation, mobilizing more time consuming areas of aneurysmal inflammatory adhesions, besides corrections of bleeding in the suture. Von Oppell et al. [18] published a meta-analysis of spinal cord protection in patients with acute traumatic aortic transection, a situation where adequate collateral circulation to the spinal cord is often insufficient. These authors demonstrated that: simple aortic clamping and clamping time longer than 30 minutes were associated with increased risk of paraplegia and left extracorporeal circulatory support provided greater protection of the spine when compared to techniques of passive perfusion. In aortic coarctation, the previous evidence or unknown risk of spinal cord ischemia encourage the surgeon to minimize the time of spinal cord ischemia [19], especially in cases of the techniques without the use of active perfusion. In the group of Wong et al. [6], the three patients who were operated with ECC had clamping time from 35 to 49 min. In our study, the clamping time was longer, but a similar study using extraanatomic technique with conventional ECC [20]. Another benefit noted was the well-being provided in the correction of aortic surgical complications, because the surgeon has the concept that distal perfusion may help to minimize the time of spinal cord ischemia. The SAH, even in the corrected aortic coarctation, is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality with advancing age [9]. The series studied always showed reduction in blood pressure in the postoperative period, with most patients requiring the use of antihypertensive drugs 101
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[4,9,17]. In the group evaluated, there were a significant reduction (P <0.05) of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, with all patients using antihypertensive drugs at hospital discharge and in a short-term follow-up period.
8. Bocchi EA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Rohde LE, Oliveira WA, Almeida DR, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(1 supl.1):1-71.
CONCLUSION Surgical correction of aortic coarctation in adults with use of extracorporeal circulatory support in the left atrium and femoral artery may be an option in the prevention of spinal cord ischemia, especially in cases with need for longer aortic clamping time, as patients with abnormal aortic wall or cardiovascular associated diseases, showing minimum rates of complications. However, the main disadvantage was the time of surgery greater than in other techniques without extracorporeal circulation, in addition to the disadvantages of the installation of extracorporeal circuit, which is well established in literature. A multicenter study is necessary to evaluate real advantages of circulatory assistance in the prevention of paraplegia in aortic coarctation in adults, since its incidence is low.
REFERENCES 1. Oliver JM, Gallego P, Gonzalez A, Aroca A, Bret M, Mesa JM. Risk factors for aortic complications in adults with coarctation of the aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(8):1641-7. 2. Dinkhuysen JJ, Almeida TL, Pinto IM, Souza LC. Tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação de aorta pela aortoplastia trapezoidal. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82(1):9-17. 3. Croti UA, Mattos SS, Pinto Jr VC, Aiello VD. Cardiologia e cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica. 1ª ed. São Paulo:Roca;2008. p.654-60. 4. Aris A, Subirana MT, Ferrés P, Torner-Soler M. Repair of aortic coarctation in patients more than 50 years of age. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(5):1376-9. 5. Oliveira ASA, Carneiro BBS, Lima RC, Cavalcanti C, Villachan R, Arraes N, et al. Tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação da aorta: experiência de três décadas. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007;22(3):317-21. 6. Wong CH, Watson B, Smith J, Hamilton JR, Hasan A. The use of left heart bypass in adult and recurrent coarctation repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20(6):1199-201. 7. Carvalho MVH, Pereira WL, Gandra SMA, Rivetti LA. Coarctação de aorta no adulto: a respeito de um caso e sobre desvios extra-anatômicos. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2007;22(4):501-4.
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9. Bouchart F, Dubar A, Tabley A, Litzler PY, Haas-Hubscher C, Redonnet M, et al. Coarctation of the aorta in adults: surgical results and long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(5):1483-9. 10. Brasileiro JL, Mendes AGCV, Pontes APC, Santos MA. Arterite de Takayasu: relato de caso. Rev Angiol Cir Vasc. 1994;10(3):112-5. 11. Backer CL, Stewart RD, Kelle AM, Mavroudis C. Use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass for coarctation repair through a left thoracotomy in children without collaterals. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(3):964-72. 12. Fiore AC, Ruzmetov M, Johnson RG, Rodefeld MD, Rieger K, Turrentine MW, et al. Selective use of left heart bypass for aortic coarctation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(3):851-7. 13. Laschinger JC, Cunningham Jr. JN, Nathan IM, Knopp EA, Cooper MM, Spencer FC. Experimental and clinical assessment of the adequacy of partial bypass in maintenance of spinal cord blood flow during operations on the thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983;36(4):417-26. 14. Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Left heart bypass reduces paraplegia rates after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(6):1931-4. 15. Ebaid M, Afiune JY. Coarctação de aorta. Do diagnóstico simples às complicações imprevisíveis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998;71(5):647-8. 16. Hughes RK, Reemtsma K. Correction of coarctation of the aorta. Manometric determination of safety during test occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1971;62(1):31-3. 17. Carr JA, Amato JJ, Higgins RS. Long-term results of surgical coarctectomy in the adolescent and young adult with 18-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):1950-6. 18. Von Oppell UO, Dunne TT, De Groot KM, Zilla P. Spinal cord protection in the absence of collateral circulation: metaanalysis of mortality and paraplegia. J Card Surg. 1994;9(6):685-91. 19. Buckels NJ, Willetts RG, Roberts KD. Left heart bypass in the surgery of aortic coarctation in children. Thorax. 1988;43(12):1003-6. 20. Lisboa LAF, Abreu Filho CAC, Dallan LAO, Rochitte CE, Souza JM, Oliveira SA. Tratamento cirúrgico da coarctação do arco aórtico em adulto: avaliação clínica e angiográfica tardia da técnica extra-anatômica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2001;16(3):187-94.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Subxyphoid pleural drain confers lesser impairment in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and lower chest pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial Dreno pleural subxifoide confere menor comprometimento da força muscular respiratória, oxigenação e menor dor torácica após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea: estudo controlado randomizado
Andreia S. A. Cancio1, Solange Guizilini1,2, Douglas W. Bolzan1, Renato B. Dauar3, José E. Succi3, Angelo A. V. de Paola1, Antonio C. de Camargo Carvalho 1, Walter J.Gomes1
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120015
RBCCV 44205-1356
Abstract Objective: To evaluate respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and chest pain in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) using internal thoracic artery grafts comparing pleural drain insertion site at the subxyphoid region versus the lateral region. Methods: Forty patients were randomized into two groups in accordance with the pleural drain site. Group II (n = 19) - pleural drain exteriorized in the intercostal space; group (SI) (n = 21) chest tube exteriorized at the subxyphoid region. All patients underwent assessment of respiratory muscle strength (inspiratory and expiratory) on the pre, 1, 3 and 5 postoperative days (POD). Arterial blood gas analysis was collected on the pre and POD1. The chest pain sensation was measured 1, 3 and 5 POD. Results: A significant decrease in respiratory muscle strength (inspiratory and expiratory) was seen in both groups
until POD5 (P <0.05). When compared, the difference between groups remained significant with greater decrease in the II (P <0.05). The blood arterial oxygenation fell in both groups (P <0.05), but the oxygenation was lower in the II (P <0.05). Referred chest pain was higher 1, 3 and 5 POD in the II group (P <0.05). The orotracheal intubation time and postoperative length of hospital stay were higher in the II group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Patients submitted to subxyphoid pleural drainage showed less decrease in respiratory muscle strength, better preservation of blood oxygenation and reduced thoracic pain compared to patients with intercostal drain on early OPCAB postoperative.
1. Cardiology Discipline, São Paulo Hospital, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Physical Therapy School - Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil. 3. Hospital Bandeirantes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Corresponding author: Solange Guizilini Cardiology Discipline, Federal University of São Paulo Rua Botucatu, 740 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil – Zip Code 04023-900 E-mail: s_guizilini@yahoo.com.br
Work performed at Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Descriptors: Myocardial revascularization. Coronary artery bypass, off-pump. Pulmonary gas exchange. Respiratory function tests. Respiratory mechanics.
Article received on January 4th, 2012 Article accepted on February 22nd, 2012
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Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols BMI CABG CPB FEV1 FVC Group II Group SI ICU ITA LITA MEP MIP OPCAB OTI PaCO 2 PaO 2 PEEP POD PVC
body mass index coronary artery bypass surgery cardiopulmonary bypass forced expiratory volume in one second forced vital capacity intercostal insertion group subxyphoid insertion group intensive care unit internal thoracic artery left internal thoracic artery maximal expiratory pressure maximal inspiratory pressure off-pump CABG orotracheal intubation time partial pressure of carbon dioxide partial pressure of arterial oxygen positive end expiratory pressure postoperative day polyvinyl chloride
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a força muscular respiratória, oxigenação e dor torácica em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RM) sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC) comparando o local de inserção do dreno pleural na região subxifoidea versus lateral.
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in surgical techniques and improvements in perioperative care, cardiac surgery is still associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) present postoperative reduced lung function, disregarding the operative technique employed. The factors responsible for these disorders are routinely the general anesthesia, need of median sternotomy, phrenic nerve dysfunction and use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Currently, internal thoracic artery (ITA) has been used as graft of choice due to the excellent patency and greater long-term survival when compared to saphenous vein grafts [1,2]. However, pulmonary dysfunction is more pronounced when left ITA (LITA) is mobilized owing to the frequent opening of the pleural cavity, with consequent need of pleural drainage. Conventionally, the chest tube is exteriorized through intercostal space, with increased chest wall trauma and pain, contributing to lower respiratory capacity. This fact leads to decrease of cough effectiveness, favors secretion accumulation and increase the risk of pulmonary complications. The shift of pleural drain site from intercostal to the subxyphoid position might interfere 104
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Métodos: Quarenta pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos Grupo (II - n = 19) - dreno pleural exteriorizado na região intercostal; Grupo (SI - n = 21) dreno pleural exteriorizado na região subxifoidea. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação da força muscular respiratória no pré, 1°, 3°e 5° dias de pós-operatório (PO). Gasometria arterial foi coletada no pré e 1° dia do PO. A dor torácica foi avaliada no 1°, 3° e 5° dias de PO. Resultados: Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuição significante da força muscular respiratória até o quinto dia do PO (P <0,05). A diferença entre os grupos manteve-se significante com maior decréscimo no grupo II (P <0,05). Houve queda na pressão arterial de oxigênio em ambos os grupos (P <0,05), mas quando comparado à queda foi maior no grupo II (P <0,05). A dor torácica no 1°, 2° e 5° dia do PO foi maior grupo II (P <0,05). O tempo de intubação orotraqueal e permanência hospitalar no PO foram maiores no grupo II (P<0,05). Conclusão: Pacientes submetidos a drenagem pleural subxifoidea apresentaram menor queda na força muscular respiratória, melhor preservação da oxigenação arterial e menos dor comparado aos pacientes com inserção do dreno na região intercostal no PO precoce de cirurgia de RM sem CEC. Descritores: Revascularização miocárdica. Ponte de artéria coronária sem circulação extracorpórea. Troca gasosa pulmonar. Testes de função respiratória. Mecânica respiratória.
in the degree of lung volumes commitment and capacities in the early CABG postoperative. Previous studies demonstrated that, independently of CPB use, drain insertion in the subxyphoid region is able to afford better preservation of spirometric parameters in the CABG postoperative period when compared to the intercostal region [3,4]. Our hypothesis is that the chest tube exteriorized at the subxyphoid region could also promote lower chest pain and better preservation of the respiratory muscle strength in the early postoperative period of off-pump CABG (OPCAB). Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and chest pain in patients undergoing OPCAB using LITA comparing the pleural drain insertion site in the subxyphoid versus intercostal region. METHODS Patient selection This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted at Bandeirantes and Pirajussara Hospitals. The Human Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo approved the protocol and written informed consent
Cancio ASA, et al. - Subxyphoid pleural drain confers lesser impairment in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and lower chest pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):103-9
was obtained from all patients. Inclusion criteria were: patients with obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and referred to elective OPCAB, left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 50%, age between 35 and 75, hemodynamic stability during measurement of respiratory muscle strength and spirometry. The exclusion criteria were patients with previous pulmonary disease assessed by spirometry in preoperative; conversion to CPB, bilateral opening of pleural cavities, patients who failed or refused to perform the respiratory muscle strength test. Forty patients who underwent elective OPCAB using LITA with pleurotomy and left pleural drainage were included, and randomized into two groups by computer system (numbered, opaque and sealed envelopes), in accordance with the drain position: Group (II) or intercostal insertion (n = 19) drain exteriorized at the intersection of sixth intercostal space in the midaxillary line; Group (SI) or subxyphoid insertion (n = 21) with drain inserted in the subxyphoid region.
patient breathing room air, always before the measurement of respiratory muscle strength.
Respiratory muscle strength evaluation Evaluation of respiratory muscle strength consisted of measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) by an analog manovacuometer (GerAr med ®). The recordings were performed at preoperative, 1, 3 and 5 postoperative day (POD) and the results were expressed as percentage of the preoperative period. The measurements were performed in the Fowler position (45 degrees), each maneuver was performed five times with 1 minute rest between them, and the value of sustained pressure during 2 seconds by the patient was recorded, according with the guidelines of pulmonary function tests [5]. The MIP was measured from residual volume, the patient was requested to perform a forced expiration and then take a maximal inspiratory effort against an occluded airway (Mueller maneuver). The MEP was measured from total pulmonary capacity; the patient was instructed to perform a forced inspiration followed by a maximal expiratory effort against an occluded airway (Valsalva maneuver). The MIP and MEP were obtained using a pressure transducer connected to a system with two unidirectional valves. This measurement was always performed by the same professional. The spirometry was performed preoperatively to evaluate and discard patients with chronic obstructive or restrictive pulmonary diseases, according to American Thoracic Society [6]. Arterial blood gas measurements Arterial blood gas measurements (partial pressure of arterial oxygen [PaO2] and partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PaCO2]) were determined at preoperative and 1 POD with
Intraoperative Anesthesia and ventilation management All patients received a standard anesthetic technique, induction with etomidate and midazolam, maintenance with sufentanil and isofluorane (0.5% to 1%) and were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia, with a 50% inspired oxygen fraction without positive endexpiratory pressure. Intraoperative fluids were given according to the anesthetist discretion. Operative technique The OPCAB surgery was performed through a median sternotomy, using LITA complemented with additional saphenous vein grafts. The LITA was harvested in a skeletonized fashion. Before chest closure, and in the presence of left pleura opening, the site of drain insertion was randomized. A soft tubular straight PVC drain was inserted and exteriorized at the intersection of the sixth left intercostal space or a curved one at the subxyphoid region and positioned in the left costophrenic sinus. Postoperative management All patients were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) with orotracheal intubation, inspired oxygen fraction to keep arterial oxygen saturation above 90%, predicted tidal volume of 8 ml/kg, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O and extubated according to ICU protocol. All patients received the same analgesic protocol administered during the postoperative period. The drains (mediastinal and/or pleural) were routinely removed on POD2 and all patients were submitted to a physical therapy program until hospital discharge (breathing exercises and early deambulation). Chest pain sensation was assessed on 1, 3 and 5 PODs, and quantified by a modified standard score (0 = no pain to 10 = unbearable pain) [7]. This evaluation was performed at rest before the measurement of respiratory muscle strength. The time of intubation and hospital stay after surgery were also recorded. Statistical analysis Variables were described as mean ± standard deviation. The PaO2, MIP and MEP were converted and analyzed with the values expressed in percentage of preoperative value, considered as 100% the preoperative baseline value. The paired t Student test was used to compare two intragroup timetables. For over time comparison, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was applied. When the groups were compared (group II versus group SI) the Mann-Whitney test or Student’s t unpaired test 105
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were used. The analysis of categorical data was performed by Pearson chi-square test. Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad Prism 3.0 Software (GraphPad Software Inc, San Diego, CA). For all statistical tests, the significance level adopted was alpha <0.05 or 5%.
A significant decrease in inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in both groups was found until the POD5 (P <0.001), when compared with preoperative values. In the comparison between groups, the difference remained significant in 1, 3 and 5 PODs, with even greater reduction in group II (Tables 2 and 3). There was a significant drop in PaO2 in the POD1 for both groups in relation to preoperative values (P <0.05). Between groups, the percentage of PaO2 in relation to preoperative was significantly higher in the SI group compared to the II group (72.40 ± 11.01% versus 86.21 ± 7.67%, P <0.0001). The PaCO2 values increased in both groups in the POD1 but this increment was not statistically significant in the SI group (P = 0.11). When compared, the II group showed significantly higher value (47.73 ± 8.68 versus 39.77 ± 4.02, P <0.05). The chest pain sensation was greater in group II (P<0.0001) (Table 4). Orotracheal intubation time and the hospital stay were also higher in the II group (Table 5).
RESULTS During the study period, 143 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria. From that sample, 40 were actually analyzed (Figure 1). The formed groups were homogeneous in relation to age, sex, body mass index, preoperative lung function, surgery time, number of grafts per patient, with no significant statistically differences, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Pre and intraoperative clinical and demographic parameters. Variables Age(years) Gender(n) Male Female BMI(kg/m 2 ) Pulmonary function FVC(l) FEV1(l) PaO 2 (mmHg) PaCO2 (mmHg) MIP(cmH 2 O) % predicted MEP(cmH 2 O) % predicted Surgery time(min) Grafts per patient(n)
P
Group II (N=19) 57.37 ± 10.83
Group SI (N=21) 53.86 ± 10.30
11 8 26.51 ± 3.66
4 17 28.11± 4.71
0.11
3.46 ± 0.64 3.02 ± 0.60 81.33 ± 9.80 37.40 ± 3.35 76.89 ±21.15 84.76 ± 18.32 93.89 ± 24.70 84.76 ± 18.32 312.9 ± 29.78 2.78 ± 0.41
3.60 ± 0.44 3.21 ± 0.52 77.67 ± 8.19 38.00 ± 2.94 81.25 ± 26.49 75.72 ± 19.09 93.00 ± 30.00 75.72 ± 19.09 306.4 ± 22.98 2.52 ± 0.87
0.44 0.38 0.20 0.55 0.29
0.30
0.23
0.46 0.34 0.44
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. BMI = body mass index; FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; II = intercostal insertion; SI = subxyphoid insertion; PaCO2 = partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure; PaO2 = partial arterial oxygen pressure; MEP = maximal expiratory pressure; MIP = maximal inspiratory pressure
Table 2. Maximal inspiratory pressure values are presented in 1, 3 and 5 PODs. Absolute values and as the percentage of the preoperative values in groups II and SI. Group II MIP(cmH 2 O) % Post/pre
POD1 39.58±12.92* 51.48±12.05
Group SI MIP(cmH 2 O) 49.96±12.05*† % Post/pre 61.49±10.80
POD3 44.62±10.89* 58.04±16.07
POD5 53.09±9.84* 69.05±15.62
56.68±16.07*† 67.29±15.62*† 69.77±10.89 82.82±15.62
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * P <0.05 compared to the value of preoperative and † P <0.05 for comparison between groups II and SI. (MIP = maximal inspiratory pressure; POD = postoperative day; % post/pre = percentage of postoperative in relation to preoperative)
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Table 3. Maximal expiratory pressure values are presented in 1, 3 and 5 PODs. Absolute values and as the percentage of the preoperative values in groups II and SI. Group II MEP(cmH 2 O) % Post/pre
POD1 49.89±11.02* 53.14±12.79
POD3 59.57±9.08* 63.45±12.91
POD5 66.88±10.90* 71.24±12.26
Group SI MEP(cmH 2 O) 61.49±12.07*† 69.59±12.01*† 78.23±12.98*† % Post/pre 66.12±15.88 74.83±12.75 84.12±10.69
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * P <0.05 compared to the value of preoperative and † P <0.05 for comparison between groups. (MEP = Maximal expiratory pressure; POD = postoperative day; % post/pre = percentage of postoperative in relation to preoperative)
Table 4. Values of subjective chest pain sensation on 1, 3 and 5 PODs. POD1 POD3 POD5
Grupo II 8.73±1.09 7.15±1.06 3.89±1.19
Grupo SI 6.14±1.49* 4.81±1.80* 1.95±0.97*
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * P<0.05 comparison between groups. (POD= postoperative day; II = intercostal insertion; SI = subxyphoid insertion)
Table 5. Orotracheal intubation time and hospital stay on postoperative period in the II and SI groups OTI (hours) Hospital stay (days)
Group II 10.93 ± 1.25 7.36 ± 1.38
Group SI P 9.39±1.96 P <0.006 5.61±0.97 P <0.0001
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P values for comparison between groups. (OTI = orotracheal intubation time, II = intercostal insertion, SI = subxyphoid insertion)
Cancio ASA, et al. - Subxyphoid pleural drain confers lesser impairment in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and lower chest pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial
DISCUSSION Regardless of the drain position, a decrease of respiratory muscle strength and oxygenation was noticed in the OPCAB postoperative period. However, the drain insertion in the subxyphoid region was able to afford better preservation of oxygenation and respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP). A deterioration of lung volumes and respiratory muscle strength in the CABG postoperative period is evident. After surgery, there is a 40% to 60% drop in volumes and capacities in relation to preoperative values [8,9]. Several factors are responsible for this postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. General anesthesia alters the ventilationperfusion and functional residual capacity; and increase pulmonary vascular resistance through the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The sternotomy changes the chest compliance, induces decline of more than 80% of its mobility, promoting decrease of the pulmonary compliance and alveolar collapse [10]. Guizilini et al. [11] in a study comparing median sternotomy versus ministernotomy in OPCAB observed that the ministernotomy resulted in better preservation and recovery of lung function, probably due to less trauma caused to the ribcage. As a result, patients had less time of orotracheal intubation and hospital stay. Therefore, CPB avoidance and limited incisions may provide a faster recovery and earlier hospital discharge. Evidence shows that changes in pulmonary function in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery are largely responsible for morbidity. The emergence of OPCAB techniques have minimized intraoperative and postoperative complications, resulting in shorter hospitalization. Guizilini et al. [8] demonstrated that patients underwent off-pump surgery had better preservation of pulmonary function when compared to those on-pump. Recently, Silva et al. [12] demonstrated that significant deterioration in lung function occurs following either on- and off-pump CABG. However, a greater decrease was found in patients undergoing onpump CABG. Pulmonary dysfunction is more pronounced when LITA is used due to the frequent opening of the pleural cavity, with the consequent need for intercostal pleural drainage. New techniques with pleural drain inserted at the subxhyphoid site clearly afforded better preservation of lung volumes and capacities; and reduction of pain compared to the intercostal region [4,8]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first randomized controlled trial addressing the questioning whether changing the site of pleural drain to subxyphoid region may interfere on respiratory muscle strength, thoracic pain and oxygenation after OPCAB. Respiratory muscle strength after CABG is also affected,
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the reduction of respiratory muscle strength has been reported as a factor that potentiate the reduction of volume and capacity in the postoperative period, possibly raising the risk of pulmonary complications [13,14]. During anesthesia, displacement of blood from the chest to the abdomen results in increased abdominal pressure. These volume changes affect the diaphragm curvature, which according to Laplaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law is important for the muscle to keep its capacity to generate pressure. As a result, the radius of the diaphragm increases, which harms the diaphragmatic dynamics interfering at the muscle strength in the early postoperative. The CPB may increase the degree of diaphragmatic dysfunction potentiating the decrease of inspiratory muscle strength. Therefore, in this study CPB was eliminated in order to avert its additional effects in the respiratory muscles. The ITA use may represent an additional surgical trauma and decrease the blood supply to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, due to phrenic nerve ischemia and lesion of pericardico-phrenic artery during harvesting, further reducing inspiratory muscle strength [15]. In this study, even eliminating CPB, manipulation of the whole surgical procedure determined decrease in respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) until POD5, in accordance to the study of Borghi-Silva et al. [16]. Even though, the preoperative values were not restored until discharge, similar finding to the study of Morsch et al. [14]. However the intercostal group showed a greater decrease of MIP and MEP compared to subxyphoid insertion. These results reinforce that the chest tube in the intercostal region may be a contributing factor for the decline in respiratory muscle strength in the early postoperative period of CABG. The weakness of respiratory muscles is one of the mechanisms that contribute to the restrictive ventilatory disorder with consequent hypoxemia [17]. After CABG, regardless of the technique employed, a drop in PaO2 in the first days is seen with gradual recovering [18,19]. In this study, even avoiding CPB, a significant decrease of PaO2 on POD1 was observed in both groups. The group II presented a 27.6% reduction, while the smallest decrease of 13.79% was found on SI group. Similar results were found by Guizilini et al [3]. In the Hagl et al. [4] study, the need for supplemental oxygen was lower in patients with subxyphoid insertion. Therefore, the drain positioned at the intercostal region seems to impact PaO2 deterioration after surgery. Several mechanisms might explain the hypoxemia: alveolar hypoventilation, altered ventilation- perfusion ratio, reduction of diffusion and shunt. The alveolar hypoventilation could in part contribute to the postoperative hypoxemia observed in both groups, 107
Cancio ASA, et al. - Subxyphoid pleural drain confers lesser impairment in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation and lower chest pain after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial
because PaCO2 on POD1 values were significantly higher than preoperative ones, similar to previous studies [3]. Certainly this factor contributed to the worsening of the hypoxemia in patients with intercostal tube drainage, the values of PaCO2 in group II were significantly higher compared to SI group. Earlier reports show that patients with greater pain after CABG present increased risk for pulmonary complications due to the immobility and deep breathing absence. Patients with pleural opening had more pain associated with a greater reduction in lung volumes and capacities during the first week after surgery [20,21]. Hagl et al. [4] also showed that pain in patients with subxyphoid drain position was lower compared to intercostal tube drainage. Pick et al. [22] showed that this pain caused by intercostal drainage is able to add respiratory dysfunction postoperatively. In this present study similar results were found. The referred pain was significantly higher in patients with intercostal pleural drain until POD5 and was associated to a greater decrease in respiratory muscle strength. This greater reduction in respiratory muscle strength with intercostal chest tube may be due to further trauma consequent to the worse chest pain [23]. Several factors can be blamed by these findings. The additional need for a chest lateral incision for tube placement, the intercostal opening leads to periosteum and intercostal nerve irritation, impairing the intercostal muscles performance. The friction between the tube and the parietal pleura during breathing triggers ventilatory-dependent pain and superficial breathing resulting in major decreases in lung volume, alveolar hypoventilation and subsequent hypoxia, predisposing lung function worsening with increased risk for respiratory complications [24,25]. Our findings suggest that better preservation of respiratory muscle strength and oxygenation appear to have been partly responsible for the shorter intubation time and consequent reduced hospital stay observed in patients with subxyphoid drain once compared to patients with intercostal drain. It may be inferred that the significant reduction of intubation time and hospital stay after surgery are indicators of lower hospital costs for patients with subxyphoid drain. Therefore, these results suggest that once the pleural cavity is opened, change the drain position to subxyphoid region is recommended. CONCLUSION Patients submitted to subxyphoid pleural drainage showed less decrease in respiratory muscle strength, better preservation of blood oxygenation and reduced thoracic pain compared to patients with intercostal drain on early OPCAB postoperative. 108
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12. Silva AM, Saad R, Stirbulov R, Rivetti LA. Off-pump versus onpump coronary artery revascularization: effects on pulmonary function. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11(1):42-5.
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13. Bellinetti LM, Thomson JC. Respiratory muscle evaluation in elective thoracotomies and laparotomies of the upper abdomen. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32(2):99-105. 14. Morsch TK, Leguisamo PC, Camargo DM, Coronel CC, Mattos W, Ortiz LD, et al. Ventilatory profile of patients undergoing CABG surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(2):180-7. 15. Mueller XM, Tinguely F, Tevaearai HT, Revelly JP, Chioléro R, von Segesser LK. Pain pattern and left internal mammary artery grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(6):2045-9. 16. Borghi-Silva A, Pires de Lorenzo VA, Oliveira CR, Luzzi S. Comportamento da função pulmonar e da força muscular respiratória em pacientes submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio e a intervenção fisioterapêutica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2004;16(3):155-9.
20. Guizilini S, Gomes WJ, Faresin SM, Bolzan DW, Buffolo E, Carvalho AC, et al. Influence of pleurotomy on pulmonary function after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(3):817-22. 21. Riebman JB, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Laub GW. Improved technique for pleural drain insertion during cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1994;35(6):503-5. 22. Pick A, Dearani J, Odell J. Effect of sternotomy direction on the incidence of inadvertent pleurotomy. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1998;39(5):673-6. 23. Lancey RA, Gaca C, Vander Salm TJ. The use of smaller, more flexible chest drains following open heart surgery: an initial evaluation. Chest. 2001;119(1):19-24.
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25. Jakob H, Kamler M, Hagl S. Doubly angled pleural drain circumventing the transcostal route relieves pain after cardiac surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;45(5):263-4.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Comparative experimental study of myocardial protection with crystalloid solutions for heart transplantation Estudo comparativo experimental da proteção miocárdica com soluções cristalóides para transplante cardíaco
Melchior Luiz Lima1, Alfredo Inácio Fiorelli2, Dalton Valentim Vassallo3, Bruno Botelho Pinheiro4, Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf5, Otoni Moreira Gomes6
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120016
RBCCV 44205-1357
Abstract Background: There is a growing need to improve myocardial protection, which will lead to better performance of cardiac operations and reduce morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of myocardial protection solution using both intracellular and extracellular crystalloid type regarding the performance of the electrical conduction system, left ventricular contractility and edema, after being subjected to ischemic arrest and reperfusion. Methods: Hearts isolated from male Wistar (n=32) rats were prepared using Langendorff method and randomly divided equally into four groups according the cardioprotective solutions used Krebs-Henseleit-Buffer (KHB), Bretschneider-HTK (HTK), St. Thomas-1 (STH-1) and Celsior (CEL). After stabilization with KHB at 37°C, baseline values (control) were collected for heart rate (HR), left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), maximum first derivate of rise left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), maximum first derivate of fall left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt) and
coronary flow (CF). The hearts were then perfused at 10°C for 5 min and kept for 2 h in static ischemia at 20°C in each cardioprotective solution. Data evaluation was done using analysis of variance in completely randomized One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. The level of statistical significance chosen was P<0.05. Results: HR was restored with all the solutions used. The evaluation of left ventricular contractility (LVSP, +dP/ dt and -dP/dt) showed that treatment with CEL solution was better compared to other solutions. When analyzing the CF, the HTK solution showed better protection against edema. Conclusion: Despite the cardioprotective crystalloid solutions studied are not fully able to suppress the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart, the CEL solution had significantly higher results followed by HTK>KHB>STH-1.
1. PhD in Cardiovascular Surgery Cardiovascular Foundation for St. Francis of Assisi, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Cardiovascular Surgery Specialist by the AMBPresidente DEPEX / BSCVS, Cardiovascular Surgeon Vitória/ES). 2. PhD in Cardiovascular Surgery at the University of Sao Paulo-USP. 3. PhD in Biological Sciences from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ. 4. Master of Cardiovascular Surgery Cardiovascular Foundation for St. Francis of Assisi - BH / MG; Cardiovascular Surgeon - Goiânia GO. 5. PhD Faculty of Medicine, USP, the Incor Director - SP. 6. PhD in Cardiovascular Surgery at the University São Paulo USP, Professor of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Scientific Director of the Cardiovascular Foundation St. Francis of Assisi - Servcor-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Work performed at Fundação Cardiovascular São Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Keywords: Heart arrest, induced. Myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardioplegic solutions. Ventricular function, left. Rats, Wistar.
Correspondence address Melchior Luiz Lima Rua Benedito Mello Serrano, 165 – Mata da Praia – Vitória, ES, Brazil – ZIP Code: 29054-040. E-mail: mll@ig.com.br
Article received on September 9th, 2011 Article accepted on January 8th, 2012
Lima ML, et al. - Comparative experimental study of myocardial protection with crystalloid solutions for heart transplantation
Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols ABTO CEL CF COBEA +dP/dt -dP/dt HR HTK KHB LVSP STH-1 STH-2
Brazilian Association for Organ Transplant / Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos Celsior solution coronary flow Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation / Colégio Brasileiro de Experimentação Animal peak positive of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure peak negative of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure heart rate Bretschneider-HTK solution Krebs-Henseleit-Buffer solution left ventricle systolic pressure St. Thomas No. 1 solution St. Thomas No. 2 solution
Resumo Introdução: Existe crescente necessidade de aprimorar a proteção miocárdica, para melhor desempenho das operações cardíacas e diminuição da morbimortalidade. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da proteção miocárdica usando tanto solução cristaloide tipo intracelular como extracelular quanto ao desempenho do sistema de condução elétrica, contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo e edema, após parada isquêmica e posterior reperfusão. Métodos: Corações isolados de ratos Wistar foram montados em Langendorff e aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos.
INTRODUCTION Currently, most heart surgeries are performed with anoxic arrest induced by using different cardioplegic solutions, suggesting the lack of a gold standard for myocardial protection [1]. Procedures with short period of ischemia, preservation is simpler. However, procedures where long ischemic periods are common, myocardial viability may be compromised by the current methods of myocardial preservation [2]. Thus, establishing satisfactory method of preservation is critical to ensure success in procedures with prolonged ischemic time, particularly in cardiac transplantation, which can also lead to expanding the pool of donors [2]. Due to the shortage of donated hearts, selection criteria are under constant review in order to increase the number of marginal donors [3,4]. Nevertheless, studies in the field of myocardial protection have great relevance for the advancement of heart transplantation [1]. Prolonged myocardial ischemia is an independent risk factor for early and late survival of the patient [4]. The crystalloid cardioplegic solutions were initially idealized in order to depolarize the cell membrane. Thus,
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de acordo com as soluções cardioprotetoras utilizadas KrebsHenseleit-Buffer (KHB), Bretschneider-HTK (HTK), St. Thomas-1(STH-1) e Celsior (CEL). Após a estabilização com KHB a 37°C, valores basais (controle) foram coletados para frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (PSVE), derivada máxima de aumento da pressão ventricular esquerda (+dP/dt), derivada máxima de queda da pressão ventricular esquerda (-dP/dt) e fluxo coronariano (FCo). Os corações foram então perfundidos a 10°C por 5 min e mantidos por 2 h em isquemia estática a 20°C em cada solução cardioprotetora. Avaliação dos dados foi por análise de variância inteiramente casualizados em One-Way ANOVA e teste de Tukey para comparações múltiplas. O nível de significância estatística escolhido foi P<0,05. Resultados: Houve recuperação da FC com todas as soluções utilizadas. A avaliação da contratilidade ventricular esquerda (PSVE, +dP/dt e -dP/dt) demonstrou que o tratamento com a solução CEL foi melhor em comparação às outras soluções. Ao analisar o CF, a solução HTK indicou melhor proteção contra edema. Conclusão: Apesar das soluções cristaloides cardioprotetoras estudadas não serem capazes de suprimir os efeitos deletérios da isquemia e reperfusão no coração de ratos, a solução CEL apresentou resultado superior seguido por HTK>KHB>STH-1. Descritores: Parada cardíaca induzida. Traumatismo por reperfusão miocárdica. Soluções cardioplégicas. Função ventricular esquerda. Ratos Wistar.
their initial formulations were basically ionic. The progress of research on myocardial protection showed the need for additives in the solutions to expand their effectiveness. The main actions of additives aimed at removal of free radicals, providing nutrients, prevention of intracellular acidosis and stabilization of cell membranes to minimize swelling [5]. Studies on myocardial protection with additives in the solutions associated with hypothermia, demonstrated improved contractile function after long periods of ischemia [6]. Hypothermia protects cellular energy metabolism acting improving the resistance to ischemia in cardioplegic cardiac arrest [7]. The increase in the ratio between supply and energy demand during ischemia is generally attributed to hypothermic protection. The hypothermia also combats oxidative stress induced by ischemia and reperfusion [8]. There is still growing need to further investigate and improve heart preservation methods, thus improving performance of cardiac operations, reducing morbidity, increasing the donor pool, and extending its indications and benefits [4]. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of myocardial protection solution using both intracellular 111
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and extracellular crystalloid type regarding the performance of the electrical conduction system, left ventricular contractility and edema, after being subjected to ischemic arrest and reperfusion. METHODS The Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and the Ethics Committee of the Fundação Cardiovascular São Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, approved all experiments. All experiments used an isolated isovolumetrically contracting rat heart. Male Wistar albino rats (n=32), 310 to 320 g, were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xilazine (10 mg/kg). After the chest was opened, heparin (500 IU) was injected into the left atrium. An aortic cannula filled with perfusate was rapidly inserted into the aorta, and retrograde perfusion was started with an oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37°C and maintained at a constant pressure of 100 mmHg in a single-pass way by the Langendorff technique [9]. The pulmonary artery was incised to allow outflow of the perfusate. A latex balloon was placed in the left ventricle and connected to a pressure transducer line. The balloon was inflated with water to create a diastolic pressure of 7 to 9 mmHg. The hearts were beating spontaneously at an average rate of 300 beats/min. After 15 min of perfusion at 37°C with KHB solution for stabilization, we collected the values considered baseline (control) for the following parameters: heart rate (HR) to evaluate the electrical conduction system; left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), the maximum rate of rise in left ventricular (+dP/dt), the maximum rate of fall in left ventricular (-dP/dt) pressures to evaluate the ventricular contractility and coronary flow (CF) to evaluate the edema. The hearts were randomly divided equally into four groups, as follows: Group 1 were treated with KrebsHenseleit (KHB) solution (Research Laboratory of Fundação Cardiovascular São Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), Group 2 with Bretschneider-HTK (HTK) solution (Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GMBH - Germany), Group 3 with St. Thomas No. 1 (STH-1) solution (Braile Biomédica Industry, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil), and Group 4 with Celsior (CEL) solution (Genzyme Polyclonals S.A.S., France). The hearts were then perfused with their respective cardioprotective solutions for 5 min at 10°C and kept for 2 h in static ischemia at 20°C. Subsequently, the hearts were reperfused with KHB at 37°C for 60 min and data were collected every 5 min. Data evaluation was based on analysis of variance in completely randomized One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. The criterion for significance was P<0.05 for all comparisons. 112
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RESULTS To evaluate myocardial protection, we first compared the effect of the solutions on HR. Figure 1 shows the trend in HR of the solutions used in the experiment at 10°C, compared with the control, represented by a ratio of 1.0 (basal HR). CEL and KHB solutions provided a more stable HR throughout the length of the experiment. On the other hand, use of HTK and STH-1 solutions initially resulted in lower HR, which increased after 15 min and 30 min, respectively, and stabilized at a similar HR compared to the other solutions. These results indicated that all four solutions were able to recover the HR.
Fig. 1 - Heart rate (HR), according to the solution. Reperfused hearts were monitored for 60 min after treatment with the following solutions: Krebs-Henseleit Buffer, Bretschneider-HTK, St. Thomas No. 1, and Celsior. Baseline was calculated after stabilization and prior to treatment
Left ventricular contractility was represented by the corresponding hemodynamic variables LVSP, (+dP/dt), and (-dP/dt) (Figures 2 to 4). These variables show similar trends with the different solutions. CEL solution was more stable and with higher rates compared to the other solutions. With the HTK solution, rates increased constantly throughout the 60 min period, and were higher compared to STH-1 and KHB. KHB solution resulted in higher rates for all variables compared to STH-1, but was still lower than HTK at LVSP and (-dP/dt). Despite these differences, KHB reached approximately the same rate of (+dP/dt) after 40 min, compared to HTK. The contractile performance of STH-1 was lower than the other solutions. Here, the data show that treatment with CEL is superior to the others solutions. Because the occurrence of edema, which is a negative factor in the recovery of the heart, the CF was considered in the corresponding hemodynamics variables dynamics. All treatments showed a downward trend (Figure 5). However, treatment with HTK solution produced higher
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Fig. 2 - Left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP) according to the solution. Reperfused hearts were monitored for 60 min with the following solutions: Krebs-Henseleit Buffer, Bretschneider-HTK, St. Thomas No. 1, and Celsior. Baseline was calculated after stabilization and prior to treatment
Fig. 3 - Maximum rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), according to the solution. Reperfused hearts were monitored for 60 min with the following solutions: Krebs-Henseleit Buffer, Bretschneider-HTK, St. Thomas No. 1, and Celsior. Baseline was calculated after stabilization and prior to treatment
Fig. 4 - Maximum rate of fall in left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt), according to the solution. Reperfused hearts were monitored for 60 min with the following solutions: Krebs-Henseleit Buffer, Bretschneider-HTK, St. Thomas No. 1, and Celsior. Baseline was calculated after stabilization and prior to treatment
Fig. 5 - Coronary flow (CF) according to the solution. Reperfused hearts were monitored for 60 min after treatment with the following solutions: Krebs-Henseleit Buffer, Bretschneider-HTK, St. Thomas No. 1, and Celsior. Baseline was calculated after stabilization and prior to treatment
flow values compared to the others. Moreover, these treatments indicated a decreasing order of efficiency: HTK>CEL>KHB>STH-1. Together, these results indicate that performance on CF maintenance is time-dependent. However, use of HTK suggests better protection against development of tissue edema. To better evaluate the efficiency of myocardial protection was made a study of multiple comparisons between treatments (Table 1). Table 2 shows the chemical composition of the solutions studied. For HR, only CEL versus HTK were not significantly different. For LVSP, (+dP/ dt), (-dP/dt) and CF, all comparisons were significantly different. Overall, use of CEL resulted in significant improvement in hemodynamic variable outcome compared to the other solutions.
Table 1. Ratio of hemodynamic variables corresponding (Tukey’s test - t60). Dependent Variable HR
KHB HTK
HTK KHB
STH-1 *
CEL *
LVSP +dP/dt
* CEL
* CEL
* *
* KHB and HTK
-dP/dt CF
* *
* *
* *
* *
(*) There was statistical difference (p <0.05) between solutions. There was no statistical difference (P >0.05) only for the solution quoted. KHB - Krebs-Henseleit Buffer; HTK – Bretschneider-HTK; STH-1 – St. Thomas-No.1; CEL – Celsior; HR – Heart rate; LVSP – Left ventricular systolic pressure; (+dP/dt) - Maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure during ventricular contraction; (dP/dt) - Maximum rate of fall of left ventricular pressure during ventricular contraction; CF – Coronary flow
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Table 2. Chemical Composition of the solutions studied Components(mmol/L) KHB Lactobionate Manitol Glutamate á-Ketoglutarate Tryptophan Histidine . HCL.H2O Histidine Glutatione Na+ 126 Glucose 11.5 K+ 4.8 Mg++ 1.2 Ca2+ 2.5 NaHCO3 25 Procaine pH 7.4 ± 0.5 Osmolality(mOsm/L) 330
HTK 30 1 2 18 180 15 9 4 0.015 7.4-7.45 310
STH-1 CEL 80 60 20 30 3 144 100 20 15 16 13 2.2 0.25 10 1 7.4 7.4 ± 0.2 324 320
KHB - Krebs-Henseleit Buffer; HTK – Bretschneider-HTK; STH1 – St. Thomas-No.1; CEL – Celsior
DISCUSSION Clinical investigations on the comparative performance of the cardioplegic solutions offer the greatest difficulties on result interpretation and may bring false judgment. Langendorff system was chosen because it is well standardized in our laboratories about myocardial protection evaluation and is possible also analyzing the direct effects on the heart with systemic interferences exclusion [10]. Hypothermia was adopted in this study because it is a standard strategy of myocardial protection. Cleveland et al. [11] showed that hypothermia is the most important factor in myocardial protection. Studies on myocardial protection with cardioprotective additives, associated with hypothermia, demonstrated improved contractile function after long ischemia periods [6]. Pereda et al. [12] compared the performance of Celsior (CEL) versus St. Thomas No. 2 (STH-2) solutions, as blood cardioplegia, demonstrating that they were not significantly different. Loganathan et al. [13] analyzed the effects of reperfusion up to 24 hours using Bretschneider-HTK (HTK) solution and modified Bretschneider-HTK (Custodiol-N). The last one improves myocardial and endothelial function during the critical phase of reperfusion after heart transplantation. Lee et al. [14], contrariwise, found that BretschneiderHTK (HTK) solution exhibited superior protective effects 114
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over CEL against prolonged cold ischemia in a syngeneic rat transplantation model. The current clinical practice in the Brazilian myocardial protection in cardiac transplantation commonly uses the St. Thomas No. 1 (STH-1) crystalloid solution, extracellular type. Currently, other solutions were added to the therapeutic arsenal of myocardial protection, such as the Celsior solution (CEL), extracellular type, and Bretschneider-HTK solution (HTK), intracellular type (Table 2). Such solutions have been used increasingly in major transplant centers. Supported in the international literature we compared the ventricular performance experimentally using the above solutions in the myocardium of rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. In the present investigation we adopted the absence of cardiac pacing to enhance the intrinsic rhythm of the heart. Additionally, it should be emphasized that the heart’s conduction tissue is more sensitive to ischemia [15]. Thus, heart rate is ultimately a variable capable of providing indirect information on the severity of injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion [16]. All solutions provided preservation of the HR, but the results were below the baseline value for this variable. It was observed that after 30 min of reperfusion, all solutions were stable. Note that the STH-1 solution took 30 min for stabilization. The myocardial contractility was assessed in an integrated manner by the following variables: LVSP, (+dP/ dt), and (-dP/dt). We observed that the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the myocardium are extremely deleterious, producing a marked reduction in ventricular performance. We infer that the concentrations of K+ (15 mmol/L) and Ca2+ (0.25 mmol/L) of CEL solution can contribute to a better performance by promoting the depolarizing arrest without contributing to an overload of intracellular calcium during the ischemic period [17,18]. Considering that isolated hearts used in this study had a fixed pressure gradient, essentially the only factor responsible for decreased blood flow would be related to interstitial edema. Therefore, by analyzing the behavior of coronary flow, we aimed to relate it directly to myocardial edema. The results indicate that HTK solution were those that produced the highest flow values. The other solutions used showed a descending order of efficiency in maintaining coronary flow, as follows: CEL>KHB>STH-1. We suggest that each solution has an optimal preservation temperature, where hypothermia can facilitate or interfere with tissue edema, possibly by directly influencing membrane conductive properties in myocardial cells, as well as modifying the permeability of the endothelium [8,19,20]. Moreover, another antagonistic factor to edema development could be related to the osmotic properties of each solution used [18,21]. Relative to osmolarity, these solutions have the following decreasing order: KHB>STH-
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1>CEL>HTK. However, we did not observe this same order considering comparative performance. Additionally, Na+ is also an important variable in this process, and these solutions have the following decreasing order in concentration of this ion: STH-1>KHB>CEL>HTK. The comparative performances between them do not obey this order, indicating that Na+ is not solely responsible for the participation of edema [21]. This study is part of a line of research that includes endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis using different cardioprotective methods, and has inherent limitations. Perfusion of non-human isolated hearts with solutions without blood produces disturbances in cardiac performance. However, even though the data obtained cannot be translated directly to clinical application, one must consider that comparative studies with animal models have proven effective in research related to myocardial preservation [22,23].
4. Jeevanandam V, Furukawa S, Prendergast TW, Todd BA, Eisen HJ, McClurken JB. Standard criteria for an acceptable donor heart are restricting heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62(5):1268-75.
CONCLUSION Despite the cardioprotective crystalloid solutions studied are not fully able to suppress the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart, the CEL solution had significantly higher results followed by HTK>KHB>STH-1. Other researches are still needed, considering different infusion temperatures and others cardioplegic solutions to extend the cardioprotective methods. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the Brazilian Association for Organ Transplant (ABTO) for their support and efforts in providing scientific writing workshops.
REFERENCES 1. Demmy TL, Biddle JS, Bennett LE, Walls JT, Schmaltz RA, Curtis JJ. Organ preservation solutions in heart transplantation: patterns of usage and related survival. Transplantation. 1997;63(2):262-9. 2. Hertz MI, Aurora P, Christie JD, Dobbels F, Edwards LB, Kirk R, et al. Scientific Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: introduction to the 2010 annual reports. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29(10):1083-8. 3. Fiorelli AI, Stolf NA, Pego-Fernandes PM, Oliveira Junior JL, Santos RH, Contreras CA, et al. Recommendations for use of marginal donors in heart transplantation: Brazilian Association of Organs Transplantation guideline. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(1):211-5.
5. Marshall VC. Renal preservation. In: Morris PJ, ed. Kidney transplantation: principles and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. p.113-34. 6. Koch A, Radovits T, Loganathan S, Sack FU, Karck M, Szabó GB. Myocardial protection with the use of L-arginine and Nalpha-acetyl-histidine. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(6):2592-4. 7. Ning XH, Chen SH, Xu CS, Li L, Yao LY, Qian K, et al. Hypothermic protection of the ischemic heart via alterations in apoptotic pathways as assessed by gene array analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92(5):2200-7. 8. Ning XH, Xu CS, Song YC, Childs KF, Xiao Y, Bolling SF, et al. Temperature threshold and modulation of energy metabolism in the cardioplegic arrested rabbit heart. Cryobiology. 1998;36(1):2-11. 9. Gomes OM, Gomes ES, Carvalho JI, Faraj M. Adaptações técnicas na preparação de Langendorff para estudo de corações isolados de pequenos animais. Coração. 1999;9:36-8. 10. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(11):1121-35. 11. Cleveland JC Jr, Meldrum DR, Rowland RT, Banerjee A, Harken AH. Optimal myocardial preservation: cooling, cardioplegia, and conditioning. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61(2):760-8. 12. Pereda D, Castella M, Pomar JL, Cartaña R, Josa M, Barriuso C, et al. Elective cardiac surgery using Celsior or St. Thomas No. 2 solution: a prospective, single-center, randomized pilot study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(3):501-6. 13. Loganathan S, Radovits T, Hirschberg K, Korkmaz S, Koch A, Karck M, et al. Effects of Custodiol-N, a novel organ preservation solution, on ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(4):1048-56. 14. Lee S, Huang CS, Kawamura T, Shigemura N, Stolz DB, Billiar TR, et al. Superior myocardial preservation with HTK solution over Celsior in rat hearts with prolonged cold ischemia. Surgery. 2010;148(2):463-73. 15. Fischer JH, Jeschkeit S. Effectivity of freshly prepared or refreshed solutions for heart preservation versus commercial EuroCollins, Bretschneider’s HTK or University of Wisconsin solution. Transplantation. 1995;59(9):1259-62. 16. Ebel D, Preckel B, You A, Mullenheim J, Schlack W, Thamer V. Cardioprotection by sevoflurane against reperfusion injury after cardioplegic arrest in the rat is independent of three types of cardioplegia. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(6):828-35.
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17. Poole-Wilson PA, Langer GA. Effects of acidosis on mechanical function and Ca2+ exchange in rabbit myocardium. Am J Physiol. 1979;236(4):H525-33.
mitochondrial biogenesis during subsequent ischemia. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(3 Pt 2):H786-93.
18. Sumimoto R, Kamada N. Lactobionate as the most important component in UW solution for liver preservation. Transplant Proc. 1990;22(5):2198-9. 19. Ning XH, Xu CS, Song YC, Xiao Y, Hu YJ, Lupinetti FM, et al. Temperature threshold and preservation of signaling for mitochondrial membrane proteins during ischemia in rabbit heart. Cryobiology. 1998;36(4):321-9. 20. Ning XH, Xu CS, Song YC, Xiao Y, Hu YJ, Lupinetti FM, et al. Hypothermia preserves function and signaling for
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21. Ferreira R, Burgos M, Llesuy S, Molteni L, Milei J, Flecha BG, et al. Reduction of reperfusion injury with mannitol cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;48(1):77-83. 22. Vassallo DV, Lima EQ, Campagnaro P, Faria AN, Mill JG. Mechanisms underlying the genesis of post-extrasystolic potentiation in rat cardiac muscle. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1995;28(3):377-83. 23. Pinheiro BB, Fiorelli AI, Gomes OM. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on left ventricular function of isolated rat hearts. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(1):31-7.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):117-22
Predicting risk of atrial fibrillation after heart valve surgery: evaluation of a Brazilian risk score Predizendo risco de fibrilação atrial após cirurgia cardíaca valvar: avaliação de escore de risco brasileiro
Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá1, Marcus Villander Barros de Oliveira Sá2, Ana Carla Lopes de Albuquerque2, Belisa Barreto Gomes da Silva2, José Williams Muniz de Siqueira2, Phabllo Rodrigo Santos de Brito2, Paulo Ernando Ferraz2, Ricardo de Carvalho Lima3
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120017 Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a Brazilian score for predicting atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing heart valve surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brazil). Methods: Retrospective study involving 491 consecutive patients operated between May/2007 and December/2010. The registers contained all the information used to calculate the score. The outcome of interest was AF. We calculated association of model factors with AF (univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis), and association of risk score classes with AF. Results: The incidence of AF was 31.2%. In multivariate analysis, the four variables of the score were predictors of postoperative AF: age >70 years (OR 6.82; 95%CI 3.34-14.10; P<0.001), mitral valve disease (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.83-5.20; P<0.001), no use of beta-blocker or discontinuation of its use in the postoperative period (OR 1.63; 95%CI 1.05-2.51; P=0.028), total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first 24 hours (OR 1.92; 95%CI 1.28-2.88; P=0.002). We observed that the higher the risk class of the patient (low, medium, high, very high),
1. MD, MSc 2. MD 3. MD, MSc, PhD, ChM Work carried out at Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE. University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
RBCCV 44205-1357 the greater is the incidence of postoperative AF (4.2%; 18.1%; 30.8%; 49.2%), showing that the model seems to be a good predictor of risk of postoperative AF, in a statistically significant association (P<0.001). Conclusions: The Brazilian score proved to be a simple and objective index, revealing a satisfactory predictor of development of postoperative AF in patients undergoing heart valve surgery at our institution. Descriptors: Atrial fibrillation. Heart valve diseases. Postoperative period.
Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicabilidade de um escore brasileiro na predição de fibrilação atrial (FA) pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca valvar na Divisão de Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE (Recife, PE, Brasil). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 491 pacientes consecutivos operados entre maio/2007 e dezembro/2010. Os registros continham todas as informações utilizadas para
Correspondence address Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá. Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira, 4172/405 – Recife, PE, Brazil – ZIP Code: 51021-040 E-mail: michel_pompeu@yahoo.com.br Article received on November 2nd, 2011 Article accepted on February 19th, 2012
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Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols AF BB CABG CI COPD CPB EF LCOS NYHA OR TFB
atrial fibrillation beta-blockers coronary artery bypass graft confidence interval chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cardiopulmonar bypass ejection fraction low cardiac output syndrome New York Heart Association odds ratio total fluid balance
calcular a pontuação. O desfecho de interesse foi FA. Calculamos associação de fatores do escore com FA (análise univariada e análise de regressão logística multivariada), e associação de classes de risco do escore com FA. Resultados: A incidência de FA foi de 31,2%. Na análise multivariada, as quatro variáveis do escore foram preditores
INTRODUCTION The postoperative period of cardiac surgery is a period of high predisposition to development of atrial fibrillation (AF), reaching an incidence of 10% to 50% of patients [13]. In addition to expanding costs, readmissions and prolonged hospitalization, AF leads to a worsening prognosis of the patient resulting in a higher morbidity and mortality [1-3]. The high incidence of postoperative AF in cardiac surgery alert to the importance of identifying patients at high risk for developing this arrhythmia. Silva et al. [4] recently proposed a Brazilian risk score for prediction of AF after cardiac surgery. However, several studies show that risk prediction scores tend to have inferior performance when applied to different groups of patients which have been used to development of the original model [5]. So the external assessment in population of patients with new data from other institutions is always important for the score has wide clinical application [6,7]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of the score of Silva et al. [4] in predicting risk of AF in our institution, specifically in the group undergoing valvular heart surgery. METHODS Source population After approval by the ethics committee, process number 46/2010, in accordance with Resolution 196/96 (National Board of Health - Ministry of Health – Brazil) [8,9], we reviewed the records of patients undergoing consecutive 118
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de FA pós-operatória: idade> 70 anos (OR 6,82; IC95% 3,3414,10; P<0,001), doença valvular mitral (OR 3,18; IC95% 1,83-5,20; P<0,001), sem uso de beta-bloqueador ou interrupção de seu uso no pós-operatório (OR 1,63; IC95% 1,05-2,51; P=0,028), balanço hídrico total >1500 ml nas primeiras 24 horas (OR 1,92; IC95% 1,28-2,88; P=0,002). Observamos que, quanto maior a classe de risco do paciente (baixa, média, alta, muito alta), maior é a incidência de FA pós-operatória (4,2%; 18,1%; 30,8%; 49,2%), mostrando que o modelo parece ser um bom preditor de risco de FA pósoperatória, em uma associação estatisticamente significativa (P<0,001). Conclusões: O escore brasileiro revelou-se um índice simples e objetivo, revelando-se um preditor satisfatório de desenvolvimento de FA pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca valvar em nossa instituição. Descritores: Fibrilação atrial. Doenças das valvas cardíacas. Período pós-operatório.
isolated heart valve surgery (replacement or repair) or combined with coronary artery bypass graft surgery at the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) from May 2007 to December 2010 - the clinical and surgical profile of the studied population is described in Table 1. We excluded the following: patients whose records did not contain the necessary data concerning the variables to be studied; patients undergoing surgery for tricuspid and/or pulmonary valves (when isolated, due to small number of patients undergoing these procedures); patients with preoperative AF; age < 18 years. Study design It was a retrospective study of exposed and nonexposed to certain factors (independent variables) with outcome (dependent variable) followed by assessment of a model (the score of Silva et al. [4]). The independent variables were: age (years), gender (male or female), mitral valve disease (yes/no), no use of beta-blocker or discontinuation of its use in the postoperative period (yes/no), total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first 24 hours (yes/no). The dependent variable was AF after surgical procedure. This variable was categorized into yes or no. It was considered AF any episode of acute supraventricular arrhythmia whose electrocardiographic tracing showed “f” waves of variable morphology and amplitude, with irregular ventricular rhythm. There were considered for the study episodes of at least 15 minutes or requiring treatment due to symptoms or hemodynamic instability.
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Table 1. Clinical and surgical profile of studied population Variable Total Age > 70 years Female gender Systemic arterial hypertension Diabetes Obesity Smoking COPD Creatinine (1,5 a 2,49 mg/dL) Creatinine (> 2,50 mg/dL or preoperative dialysis) NYHA Class (III – IV) EF < 45% Pulmonary arterial hypertension Mitral valve disease Aortic valve disease Previous cardiac surgery No use of â-blocker or discontinuation of its use in postoperative period Emergency surgery Combined CABG CPB time > 90 minutos Total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first postoperative 24 hours Vasoactive drugs in postoperative period Postoperative LCOS
n 491 45 252 193 146 70 191 58 58 23 270 81 121 356 170 82 313 52 43 186 237 181 72
% 100.0 9.2 51.5 39.3 29.7 14.3 38.9 11.8 11.8 4.7 55.0 16.5 24.6 72.5 34.6 16.7 63.7 10.6 8.8 37.9 48.3 36.9 14.7
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; EF: ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CPB: cardiopulmonar bypass; LCOS: low cardiac output syndrome
Each patient was evaluated for the presence or absence of the four risk factors established by Silva et al. [4], respecting the definition of each of them and giving them the correct score (Table 2). Depending on the final score, each patient was placed in one of the four risk groups (Table 3). We recorded the outcomes (development or nondevelopment of AF). Table 2. Factors associated with development of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery and appropriate score Clinical profile Age > 70 years Mitral valve disease No use of beta-blocker or discontinuation of its use in postoperative period Total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first 24 hours
Score 1 1 1 1
Table 3. Risk group class according to the score Risk group Low Medium High Very high
Total score 0 1 2 3 or more
Statistical methods Data were analyzed using percentage and descriptive statistics measures. The following tests were used: chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate, for nonparametric variables). In the study of univariate association between categorical variables, the values of the Odds Ratio (OR) and a confidence interval (CI) for this parameter with a reliability of 95% were obtained. Multivariate analysis was adjusted to a logistic regression model to explain the proportion of patients who developed AF that were significantly associated to the level of 5.0% (P <0.05) by a backward elimination procedure. The calibration of multivariate model was evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The level of significance in the decision of the statistical tests was 5%. The program used for data entry and retrieval of statistical calculations was SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 15.0. RESULTS Incidence of AF and population characteristics Taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 491 patients undergoing heart valve surgery 119
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with a mean age of 44.6 ± 17.9 years, being 51.5% female. The following clinical features were observed: 9.2% was aged above 70 years, 72.5% had mitral valve disease, 63.7% had no use of beta-blocker or discontinuation of its use in the postoperative period, and 48.3% had total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first 24 hours. Postoperative AF was diagnosed in 153 (31.2%) patients.
risk score classification is showed in Figure 2. We observed that the higher is the risk group, the higher is the incidence of postoperative AF, in a statistically significant association (P<0.001). DISCUSSION
Analysis of the score and prediction of AF The incidence of postoperative AF according to the
We observed in our study an incidence of 31.2% of postoperative AF. This is 41.2% greater than that observed in the original study by Silva et al. [4], which was 22.1%. This is probably because our population is composed only by patients undergoing heart valve surgery (all with cardiopulmonary bypass and bicaval cannulation), different from the population of Silva et al. [4], which also consisted of patients undergoing exclusive coronary artery bypass graft surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, beyond valve surgeries. Many studies have shown that bicaval cannulation and cardiopulmonary bypass increase the risk of postoperative AF [10-12]. These factors may create a bias and interfering with the greater incidence of postoperative AF in our population. We identified in our study that age >70 years was independently associated with postoperative AF, in statistically significant association. Advanced age is associated with changes in connective tissue and atrial
Fig. 1 - Association of clinical characteristics with the occurrence of postoperative AF after heart valve surgery (univariate analysis). AF: atrial fibrillation; BB: beta-blockers; TFB: total fluid balance
Fig. 2 - Relationship between the risk group classification according to the score and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. AF: atrial fibrillation
Univariate analysis Analyzing the variables proposed in the score with the occurrence of postoperative AF, we observed that all of them were significantly associated with this complication (Figure 1). Multivariate analysis Applying a multivariate logistic regression model, associations of clinical variables of the score remained strongly associated with postoperative AF (Table 4). The model was well accepted (P<0.001) and showed a degree of explanation of 71.1%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodnessof-fit was also well accepted (P=0.281), indicating a good model calibration.
Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression model Variable Age > 70 years Mitral valve disease No use of beta-blocker or discontinuation of its use in postoperative period Total fluid balance > 1500 ml at first 24 hours
(*): Significant difference at 5 %. Constant P <0.001
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OR (95.0% CI) Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis 4.23 (2.24–8.00) 6.82 (3.34–14.10) 2.07 (1.29–3.31) 3.18 (1.83–5.20) 1.56 (1.03–2.35) 1.63 (1.05–2.51) 1.93 (1.31–2.84)
1.92 (1.28–2.88)
P-value <0.001* <0.001* 0.028* 0.002*
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dilatation, and may cause changes in electrical conduction and thereby also increasing the chance of AF [13]. Most of these patients suffer from hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, which further predispose the atrium to the development of AF [14]. We recognized in our study that mitral valve disease was independently associated with postoperative AF, in statistically significant association. These patients are, in general, patients with dilated left atrium, which predisposes the onset of AF in patients with sinus rhythm preoperatively and is a predictor of persistence of abnormal rhythm in those who are already suffering from AF preoperatively [15]. We demonstrated in our study that no use of betablocker or discontinuation of its use in postoperative period was independently associated with postoperative AF, in statistically significant association. Although it is considered a multifactorial etiology, the postoperative AF can be initiated after an exaggerated response to adrenergic stimulation due to incomplete myocardial protection, without the use of beta-blockers in the immediate postoperative period [15,16]. A study showed that discontinuation of betablockers in the immediate postoperative period resulted in 91% increase in the occurrence of postoperative AF [15]. Another aspect that caught our attention was that total fluid balance > 1500 ml in the first 24 hours was independently associated with postoperative AF, in statistically significant association. A study demonstrated that there is an increase of 1% risk of developing AF for each 1 ml above the average of total fluid balance [16]. It is suggested therefore that the arrhythmia can be triggered by atrial distension caused by fluid retention [17]. We showed that the higher the risk class of the patient, the greater is the incidence of postoperative AF, showing that the model seems to be a good predictor of risk of postoperative AF, in a statistically significant association (P<0.001).
guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest. 2005;128(2 Suppl):9S-16S.
CONCLUSIONS The risk score proposed by Silva et al. [4] seems to be a good model for prediction of postoperative AF in patients undergoing heart valve surgery.
REFERENCES 1. Almassi GH, Schowalter T, Nicolosi AC, Aggarwal A, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a major morbid event? Ann Surg. 1997;226(4):501-11. 2. Hougue CW Jr, Creswell LL, Gutterman DD, Fleisher LA; American College of Chest Physicians. Epidemiology, mechanisms, and risks: American College of Chest Physicians
3. European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society, Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA ; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation, et al. ACC/ AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. 4. Silva RG, Lima GG, Guerra N, Bigolin AV, Petersen LC. Risk index proposal to predict atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(2):183-9. 5. Shahian DM, Blackstone EH, Edwards FH, Grover FL, Grunkemeier GL, Naftel DC; STS workforce on evidencebased surgery. Cardiac surgery risk models: a position article. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(5):1868-77. 6. Sá MP, Figueira ES, Santos CA, Figueiredo OJ, Lima RO, Rueda FG, et al. Validation of MagedanzSCORE as a predictor of mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(3):386-92. 7. Sá MP, Soares EF, Santos CA, Figueredo OJ, Lima RO, Escobar RR, et al. EuroSCORE and mortality in coronary artery bypass graft surgery at Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services [Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco]. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(4):474-82. 8. Sá MP, Lima RC. Research Ethics Committee: mandatory necessity. Requirement needed. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(3):III-IV. 9. Lima SG, Lima TA, Macedo LA, Sá MP, Vidal ML, Gomes AF, et al. Ethics in research with human beings: from knowledge to practice. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):289-94. 10. Mathew JP, Parks R, Savino JS, Friedman AS, Koch C, Mangano DT, et al. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization. MultiCenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA. 1996;276(4):300-6. 11. Fontes ML, Mathew JP, Rinder HM, Zelterman D, Smith BR, Rinder CS; Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery/cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with monocyte activation. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(1):17-23.
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12. Sá MP, Lima LP, Rueda FG, Escobar RR, Cavalcanti PE, Thé EC, et al. Comparative study between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft in women. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(2):238-44.
15. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD; Investigators of the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation; Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group, et al. A multicenter risk index of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1720-9.
13. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation. 1996;94(3):390-7. 14. Maratia C, Kalil RAK, Sant´Anna JRM, Prates PR, Wender OC, Teixeira Filho GF, et al. Fatores preditivos de reversão a ritmo sinusal após intervenção na valva mitral em pacientes com fibrilação atrial crônica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1997;12(1):17-23.
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16. Silva RG, Lima GG, Laranjeira A, Costa AR, Pereira E, Rodrigues R. Risk factors, morbidity, and mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(2):105-10. 17. Moreira DAR. Arritmias no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2001;11(5):941-55.
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PREVIOUS NOTE
Stents in triple layer in endovascular treatment of expanding abdominal aortic aneurysm Stents em tripla camada no tratamento enodovascular do aneurisma de aorta abdominal em expansão
Guilherme B. B. Pitta1, Cezar Ronaldo Alves da Silva2, Josué Dantas de Medeiros3, Adriano Dionisio Santos4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120018 Descriptors:
Stents. Aneurysm. Endovascular
RBCCV 44205-1357 Descritores: Stents. Aneurisma. Procedimentos
Procedures.
Endovasculares.
Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion with a transverse diameter of 6.5 cm with triplelayer stents in 88-year-old patient with a history of hypertension, increased cholesterol and smoking evolving with abdominal pain, vomiting and malaise (Fig. 1). The surgical technique used was the placement of stents in triple layer of nitinol manufactured at Braile Biomedica (São José do Rio Preto, Brazil) in right aortic moniliacal position for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm and right common iliac artery [1]. Right brachial catheterization was performed with the placement of 5F introducer and 5F pig catheter just to the level of the superior mesenteric artery for contrast injection and for light diagnostic and visceral branches. Through
right inguinotomy, the right common femoral artery was dissected with the passage of 6F introducer with cauterization of common and right external iliac arteries that were tortuous. Puncture of the left common femoral artery and placement of 5F introducer. An injection of contrast near the renal arteries was performed with visualization of the superior mesenteric artery, renal, abdominal aortic aneurysm and iliac arteries with visualization of flow with turbulence within the aortic aneurysm sac. Through the right external iliac artery with 5F Cobra catheter introduced with a hydrophilic wire of 0.035 mm above the renal arteries and exchanged for a super stiff
1. Director of BMA (Brazillian Medical Association). Adjunct Professor of Surgery at UNCISAL; Renorbio Doctoral Advisor, Master Surgery Advisor at UFRGS 2. Vascular Surgeon at Arthur Ramos Memorial Hospital and Specialist in Vascular Surgery by SBACV 3. Vascular Surgeon at Arthur Ramos Memorial Hospital 4. Doctor at Arthur Ramos Memorial Hospital
Correspondence address Guilherme B. B. Pitta Rua Hugo Correia da Paz 253 - Farol - Maceió, AL, Brazil. Zip Code: 57050-730. E-mail:guilherme@guilhermepitta.com
Work performed at Hospital Memorial Arthur Ramos - Maceió, AL, Brazil.
Article received on February 18th, 2012 Article accepted on March 28th, 2012
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Fig. 2 - Post-stent implantation in triple layer except for abdominal aortic aneurysm and right common iliac Fig. 1 - AngioCT pre-endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm and right common iliac expanding> 6.5 cm in transverse diameter
0.035, with the Cobra catheter and the right femoral introducer being withdrawn, with the passage of the first stent 28 mm in diameter and 13 cm length when fully open. This fist stent had its extremity at the level of the superior mesenteric artery, and on the renal ending at the middle portion of the right common iliac artery. The second stent of 30 mm in diameter and 11 cm long was with its proximal end just below the renal arteries and its distal end at the level of the right distal common iliac artery. The third stent of 32 cm in diameter and 11 cm in length was immediately below the renal arteries and above the iliac bifurcation sealing the first two stents, perorming the ballooning of the stents in triple layers in the proximal, medial and distal portions. During angiographic control, predominately central laminar flow was observed with filling predominantly of right iliac arteries and the presence of peri-stent flow with
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filling of left iliac arteries. The visceral and renal arteries were patent (Fig. 2). On the fifth postoperative period, angiography was performed in the thoracic aorta, abdominal and iliac arteries with the presence of laminar flow in thel interior of stents, partial thrombosis of the aortic aneurysm sac and right iliac arteries, reducing the diameter of the aortic aneurysm to 5.0 cm and peri-stent flow, keeping the left iliac arteriespatent. Clinically, the patient was stable consitions, no drugs, maintaining blood pressure, without abdominal pain, good diuresis, without fever, however, with behavior disorders. The patient was discharged after 7 days. REFERENCE 1. Aquino M. Gradiente de pressão na correção endovascular do aneurisma de aorta em porcos com stents tripla camada. [Tese de mestrado]. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2012.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
TRIBUTE TO 100 YEARS OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR ZERBINI
History of heart surgery in the world História da cirurgia cardíaca no mundo
Domingo Marcolino Braile, Moacir Fernandes de Godoy Revised edition celebrating 100 years of the birth of Professor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini The following article was written for “The Paths of Cardiology”, of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology in 1996. The space was coordinated by Prof. Luiz V. Décourt, whose commentary is reprinted at the end No other correction is more effective for men that knowledge of the past” Polybius, 140 B.C. [1] DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120019
History, to deserve that name, requires anyone who wants to develop it, not only general culture as well as broad and based special knowledge that pass through Heuristics, Bibliography, Critical and Historical Methodology and other auxiliary sciences, such as Palaeography, Diplomatic Chronology, Synthesis and Historical Exhibition [2]. We do not claim, of course, to have each of the ideal qualities required for this mister, but direct contact we had with the subject in the last quarter century and the relatively short time of existence of cardiac surgery in current use, minimizes our disability and facilitates this presentation. It is known that in Brazil until the late nineteenth century, surgical procedures were not performed, but those simpler, which were charged to the “Barber”, “barber-bleeder” or “barber-surgeon’, who practiced bloodletting and scarification, applied suckers, leeches and enemas, lanced abscesses, performed curative, excised foreskins, treated the snake bites, pulled teeth, etc. The majority was composed of laymen, ignorant and humble social class [3]. Even in Europe, surgery was, in general, incipient then and in terms of cardiac approach, totally lacking. In 1882, Theodor Billroth commented that performing pericardiectomy tantamount to an act of prostitution in surgery or surgical frivolous, stating the following year that every surgeon who tried to stitch up a wounded heart should lose the
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respect of his colleagues. Soon, however, Ludwig Rehn, in 1896, successfully performed a right ventricular wound suture4. Even with the approach of the heart, it was at least curious an observation by Sherman, in 1902, in The American Journal of Medical Association [4], when he commented that the distance to achieve that body is no bigger than an inch, but it took 2,400 years that the surgery could go this route. In fact, there was only little more than four decades that cardiac surgery, along the lines as we know it today began to take shape, and since then, the progress has been staggering. The scientific advances of the twentieth century have demystified the heart as seat of the soul, putting it in a hierarchical level not far from the other organs of the body. Thus began the history of cardiac surgery! The term history comes from the Greek historía with original meaning of search, investigation or resarch [5]. In this sense will be given the primary focus of this study, or that is, the systematic search of available literature on the subject, attempting also to present it in the form of topics for related issues and not just following the chronological order, thus facilitating the perception of evolutionary aspect of the matter. We will examine the facts relating to the open heart surgeries and those under direct vision or open. At the end will be performed some specific comments on the cardiac surgery in Brazil. 125
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Open heart surgeries Among the open heart surgeries, we will highlight those related to congenital heart disease, the mitral or aortic stenosis and the type of coronary artery failure. Congenital heart disease surgery – Among the congenital heart diseases likely to total or palliative correction, since the early days of cardiac surgery, we highlight the persistence of the ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation and pulmonary valve stenosis. Known since ancient times (it was discovered and described by Galen in the second century), the ductus arteriosus or arterial conduct only began to receive more clinical attention in the early twentieth century. Until then, several studies have been published but in general with concern purely anatomical. Munro, on 06.05.1907, based on studies posmortem, described and proposed at the Academy of Medicine, Philadelphia, ligation of the arterial conduit6. The first known attempt to perform an operation was done in London by O’Shaughnessy, and is cited by Góbich in 1945 [6]. The procedure was never implemented because it was a misdiagnosis. In fact the patient had a pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus was transformed into the ligament. The 2nd intervention with the same aim was published by Graybiel et al, in Boston in 1938 (apud Góbich, 1945) [6]. It was a complicated case with bacterial endocarditis, where there were many technical difficulties of dissection of the channel, being performed only a series of plicatures that did not produce complete occlusion and the patient died four days later. Finally, the first correction of patent ductus arteriosus was successfully performed on 08/26/1938, and was performed by Dr. Robert E. Gross, the chief resident at the time, with 33 years of age. The patient was a girl of seven years old, the canal was 7 mm in diameter and, according to Gross’s report, it was closed with simple ligation of twisted silk thread, 8. It is worth noting that the first surgery was performed deliberately, without the knowledge and the absence of the chief surgeon at Brigham and Boston Children’s Hospital, Dr. William Ladd, who once believed that Dr. Gross would never get permission to top realization of what he called an “extravagant adventure”[7]. Since then, the surgical correction of persistent ductus arteriosus became commonplace fact and has already been performed thousands of times worldwide, including in newborns with very low rates of morbidity and mortality. The palliative surgery of tetralogy of Fallot, by creating an anastomosis between the subclavian artery and 126
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pulmonary artery, was due solely to the tenacity of Dr. Helen Taussig. She had observed clinical deterioration of the children with cyanotic heart disease that, once there was the spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus, and it warned of the possibility of surgically creating a systemic-pulmonary communications. She traveled to Boston to seek the help of Dr. Robert Gross, but the latter said that “he closed ducts and did not build new ones” [8]. Only with the arrival of Dr. Alfred Blalock at Johns Hopkins and the fact that surgeons already have past experience with anastomosis between the subclavian and pulmonary artery in an attempt of experimental production of pulmonary hypertension, it was possible the palliative approach of tetralogy of Fallot. The 1st surgery was performed on 11.29.1944 in a girl of 15 months of age, with only 10 pounds of weight and bouts of hypoxia. The postoperative course was stormy and the child died after six months. The 2nd operation was only performed on 03.02.1945 in a girl of 11 years of age and progressed well. Until 1949, 1,000 of these surgeries have been performed at John Hopkins! [8]. With regard to aortic coarctation, McNamara and Rosenberg [9] performed an excellent historical review from which we extract some data of inaccessible literature: “In 1761, Morgagni described a case where the aorta was seen as a surprising narrowing near the heart, but this description could easily fit both the supravalvular aortic stenosis as the diffuse aortic hypoplasia or coarctation. In 1791, Paris reported the first case an unequivocal classic coarctation of the isthmus of the thoracic aorta. Le Grand, in 1835, described the 1st case report of aortic obstruction, confirmed by autopsy. On 19/10/1944, Craaford & Nylin, Sweden, performed surgery of the first case and a few months later, Gross and Hufnagel, in the United States, performed the 2 nd”. Although the date of the operation performed by Craaford & Nylin (October 1944) was prior to the operation performed by Gross (June 1945), the study of the latter was actually the culmination of many years of careful experimental research in laboratory animals, which demonstrated the feasibility of end-to-end anastomosis of the aorta after cross resection. Since then, a variety of techniques have been reported, including national contributions [10]. The possible correction of aortic coarctation by balloon angioplasty, reduced the number of patients referred for surgery, but the possibility of re-coarctation, particularly in neonates, makes surgical techniques are still part of the therapeutic approach of that condition. Thus, with pulmonary stenosis, the dilatation using balloon catheter has provided excellent immediate and long-term results, without significant evidence of
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restenosis. Thus, surgery, nowadays, can be considered to be the exception and reserved only for cases of pulmonary valve dysplasia. Historically it’s worth mentioning, however, the study by Sellors (1948) [11] and Brock (1948) [12] reported that the early results with surgical success in patients with pulmonary valve stenosis and normal aortic arch, using the valvulotome by transventricular via. Surgery of valve disease - Among the surgical treatment of valvular heart disease that deserve put attention, historically, one should mention aortic valve stenosis and mitral stenosis, given the large number of patients undergone surgery and the large number of researchers involved with the matter. Aortic valve stenosis - The first clinical trial that is known to relieve the aortic obstruction was performed in 1913 in France, by Tuffier (cited by Margutti et al, 1955) [13], when digitally dilated the valve through the aortic wall invagination. In 1950, Brock, issued an attempt to dilate the stenosis through an instrument inserted through the right subclavian artery previously distally sectioned and connected, after leaving through the process because of technical difficulties found [13]. In the same year, Redondo-Ramirez and Brock described independently the approach by mitral stenosis, by introduction of a finger through the left atrium, this technique has come to be known as Ramirez maneuver, being, however, abandoned due to the dangers of rupture of the septal leaflet of the mitral valve with mitral severe regurgitation [13]. The experimental study performed by Horace Smith, published in 1947, in order to cooperate with the surgical treatment of the evil that afflicted himself, not only attracted attention to the problem, as elucidated several facts. This author performed in a large series of normal dogs, valvulotomy and partial valvulectomy of the aortic valve through the aortic wall or by transventricular via, demonstrating the poor tolerance to both acute aortic insufficiency that was produced with respect to the ventricular aggression [13]. Bailey et al., in 1950 [14], impressed with the early death of Smith and the success of mitral commissurotomy, and after extensive experimental and clinical studies, concluded that the separation of the commissures by instrumental dilatation through low transventricular via seemed, on occasion, be the best process, employing it routinely. The 1st dilatation of aortic stenosis in Brazil, with the help of Bailey dilator, was performed on 16.07.1953, at
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Hospital São Paulo, Paulista School of Medicine by Dr. Ruy Margutti [13]. Mitral valve stenosis - Surgical correction of rheumatic mitral stenosis dates back to 20/5/1923 when Elliot Carr Cutler and Samuel Levine, using a tenotome, successfully performed the mitral commissurotomy by transventricular via in a patient 12 years age at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital of Harvard Medical School. The patient arrived the recovery room 1 hour and 15 minutes after starting the operation, and was discharged 12 days postoperatively. Survived by four and a half years, and died as a result of pneumococcal pneumonia. After this first success, they performed seven other operations, with new models of valvulotome, to create a “controlled” mitral insufficiency, but the results were not good, making the procedure was abandoned in 1929. The historical curiosity of the event is that the valvulectomy of the 1st patient of Cutler and Levine, was performed using an adapted tenotome, once it dealt with an emergency situation and the device was specifically developed, and was still not finished at the time of operation. In 1925, Henry Souttar at the London Hospital, performed the approach of the mitral valve through the left atrial appendage, performing the commissurotomy with the aid of his own finger. Despite the success, no other case was operated by him for lack of referral from British cardiologists at that time. The development of mitral stenosis surgery was only resumed in the mid-40s when doctors Dwight Harken and Charles Bailey, independently, started to practice valvuloplasty on a large escale [15]. Surgery for coronary heart disease - coronary heart disease surgery is perhaps one of the most experienced changes over the years. Several techniques not dependent on cardiopulmonary bypass have been proposed and used, though often with uncertain and doubtful. We collected from the Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of the International College of Surgeons held in São Paulo-SP (Brazil), between 26/ 4 and 2/5/1954, a summary of the presentation by Dr. Charles P. Bailey [16], which well demonstrates the incipient state of surgical treatment of coronary heart disease at the time: “many methods have been suggested for the relief of angina pectoris, but with the exception of coronary artery bypass surgeries, they have been essentially palliative. The bypass operations are of three types: 1) surface revascularization, as performed by Thompson; 2) the mammary implant in the myocardium as performed by Vineberg; 3) retrograde movement of arterial blood through the coronary sinus as performed 127
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by Beck et al. We perform some Beck operations, many of which are modified according to the Kralik method. It is our opinion that this is the most effective of revascularization procedures and has both anatomical and physiological evidence confirming this impression. The clinical results after intervention with this method have been very rewarding. (...)â&#x20AC;? The knowledge we have today about coronary heart disease, explains very well that little could be done at the time in terms of surgical procedures, since not even the appropriate diagnostic methods had yet been developed. Only with the advent of coronary angiography in the early 60s, it was possible to know with more detail the pathophysiology of the process, then starting the techniques of revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass. Open heart surgery The open-heart surgery can be considered as one of the most important medical advances of the twentieth century. To get an idea of the extent of its use, one should mention that in 1994 about 2,000 surgeries were performed a day in the world, without much difficulty and with low risk, even in the age groups with a higher possibility of complications, both newborns and octogenarians. It is undeniable that this fact is of utmost importance especially when considering that the 1st open heart surgery successfully performed only happened in 09/02/1952, when Dr. F. John Lewis corrected an atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter, under direct vision, with interruption of flow in the cavae and moderate body hypothermia (26oC) in a girl of 5 years of age at the Hospital of the University of Minnesota (USA) [17]. Moreover, the University of Minnesota can be considered as the cradle of cardiac surgery worldwide, as there really was that great things happened. It was there also that the pioneers of cardiac surgery in Brazil began under the guidance of Dr. W. Lillehei, especially Drs Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, Delmont Bittencourt, AndrĂŠ Esteves Lima, Hugo Felipozzi and Domingos Junqueira de Moraes, who spread knowledge here, formed schools and made heart surgery a marker of the viability of our country. Returning to the University of Minnesota, bold techniques developed there around 1955, became that school, in a few months, the Mecca of cardiac surgeons eager to learn and patients with hope of being healed. Words such as hypothermia, cross circulation and bubble oxygenator have become common in surgery throughout the world. Wilson [18] provides an excellent overview of how the events unfolded at the time. It seems that it all started 128
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when Dr. Owen Wangensteen, on 01/09/1939, ligated the 1st ductus arteriosus at the University, using the technique developed by Dr. Robert E. Gross, a year earlier, at Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hospital, Boston. Another intensely involved in cardiac surgery in Minneapolis was Dr. Morse J. Shapiro who, being clinical, became interested in valvular diseases and created a pavilion of 40 beds for treatment of children with rheumatic fever at Lymanhurst Center for Tuberculous Children, a hospital attached to the University. Examining children with rheumatic fever, also found a large number of them with congenital heart disease. Although at first did not believe much in cardiac surgery, soon he was convinced that it was necessary to operate them before it was too late. The diagnosis of patients, especially children with heart disease, increased alarmingly and the number of beds available was too small. In 1944 there was a club in Minneapolis that brought together the owners of movie theaters in the area called the Variety Club, which became interested in the work developed by Dr. Shapiro and decided in January 1945, raising funds of approximately $ 150,000 for construction of a Heart Hospital on the campus of the University, the first at that time, and, moreover, provide a minimum of $ 25,000 annually for its operation. At that time, movie was the main entertainment of the population, since the television had not yet emerged. The members of the Variety Club, who were in direct connection with the film producers decided to ask the Warner Brothers Studio a short film to call attention to the urgent need for a Heart Hospital in Minneapolis. The artist who urged the public to assist in the campaign was none other than Ronald Reagan, later elected President of the United States. The film was presented to thousands of viewers in hundreds of theaters throughout the northwest of the nation. The campaign was helped by the success of the Blalock-Taussig operation, since the Heart Hospital would not only diagnose and treat children, from the medical or surgical standpoint of. Thus, it was possible to raise funds of about $ 500,000, plus the contribution from the federal government over $ 600,000 and the University with other $ 400,000. The hospital was completed in March 1951 at a cost of more than 1.5 million dollars. It had four floors overlooking the Mississippi River, linked to University Hospital by a bridge on the rooftop. Already in 1945, when the Heart Hospital was being planned, Dr. O. Wangensteen, chief of surgery, and Dr. M. Visscher, head of the Department of Physiology, encouraged Dr. Clarence Dennis, who was Associate Professor of Surgery, to develop the artificial heart-
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lung machine that would allow open heart surgeries. With the end of the war and the return of many young people for graduation, the University of Minnesota was in a privileged position in all sectors. In the field of surgery, Dr. Wangensteen had created a peculiar way to the training of surgeons. Each member of the department had to develop some research line and the residents had to assist them in this task. Dr. Wangensteen believed that surgeons had to learn to operate and perform other routines, but also needed to read, think and search. They could not just be intellectual parasites using ideas and methods developed by others. In fact, residents should contribute to the “heritage” of the institution. In such an atmosphere in which physiology, surgery and research were joined, was that Dr. Clarence Dennis, in 1945, began his work with the heart-lung machine. The concept of heart-lung machine was not new. In 1931, Dr. John Gibbon, working with Dr. Edward D. Churchill, seeing a patient dying on the operating table when attempting to remove a massive pulmonary embolus imagined that if it were possible to maintain circulation and oxygenation, the patient could have been saved. His work continued at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1934 and already in 1937, had developed a machine capable of maintaining breathing and circulation in small animals for 30 or 40 minutes. In the same year, at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Dr. Gibbon built a new machine using for the first time roller pumps, which had been introduced by Dr. Michael De Bakey in 1934. This machine enough to keep cats in circulation, but it was too small for dogs and much less suitable for humans. The advent of World War II interrupted his work. Returning from the war, Dr. Gibbon was appointed professor at Jefferson Medical College and start to develop a more efficient extracorporeal circulation machine. In 1946, he sought help from engineers and finally one of them, IBM has built a new machine, very sophisticated with temperature, level and flow controls. Thus, in 1947, Dr. Gibbon could operate some dogs. Initially, the mortality was 80%, especially by air embolism; after years of persistent attempts, it was possible to reduce mortality to 10%. At the same time, Dr. Dennis also tried to build an oxygenator at the University of Minnesota, studying what had been performed in other schools. The blood was passed into the cellulose tubing (used for bag sausage) in order to oxygenate it in an atmosphere of oxygen. Oxygenation was very poor and the project was abandoned. When oxygen was injected directly into the blood the oxygenation was good, but formed an enormous amount of foam. He started to use rotating
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vertical cylinders similar to those developed by Dr. Gibbon. This could oxygenate blood without causing too many bubbles, so that it was possible to operate animals. Many drawings of cylinders, funnels and their association were tested, always trying to improve oxygenation and reduce blood trauma. Finally a complicated apparatus was developed, of difficult operation, cleaning and sterilization. Worse, from 64 dogs operated only nine survived. While demonstrating the reduction of hemolysis, other drastic changes continued occurring in the blood of dogs in experiments such as loss of plasma and the reduction of leukocytes and platelets, followed by intestinal hemorrhage and death of the animal. Later, another researcher, Dr. Russel M. Nelson showed that these changes resulted from contamination of equipment by bacteria. During the following year, the oxygenator was changed again, simplifying it using screen disks, revolving slowly and over which were thrown jets of blood, according to a model described by Dr. Viking Bjork. This oxygenator was sufficient to maintain the circulation and oxygenation of a human being. The experimental work continued, always with very high mortality rate of dogs. Still, on 04/05/1951, Dr. Dennis and his colleagues used the equipment in a girl of six years old, who had a large septal defect. What impressed him most was the large amount of blood continued to flow in the heart by “Tebesius system” (sic), which forced them to inhale it and return it to the oxygenator, creating then the method used today. The child died soon after the operation, but the oxygenator performance was very good. The surgical team consisted of 16 people (two anesthetists, four surgeons, four operators of the heartlung machine, one responsible for the blood samples, two technicians and two nurses). This was the 1st patient operated using cardiopulmonary bypass in the world, unfortunately without success. Dennis, however, was not the only experiencing difficulty. In Philadelphia, Gibbon, using the oxygenator developed by IBM and made up of fixed screens on which a layer of blood passed in an atmosphere of oxygen, still presented high mortality in experimental animals. Of the 21 dogs operated for periods of 20-90 min, 14 died. However, in 1951, an important finding emerged from the presentations of teams in Philadelphia and Minnesota at the congress of the American Surgical Association; oxygenators, now in use were sufficient to maintain oxygenation of dogs and even humans, although many animals continue dying of unknown causes. A year earlier, in 1950, a new fact emerged from an experimental work of a Toronto’s team (Canada), led 129
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by Dr. W. G. Bigelow. They showed that by lowering the temperature of an anesthetized dog at 20°C, its oxygen consumption fell to 15% of normal. This allowed to isolate and stop the heart for about 15 min to correct intracardiac defects. As many hearts fibrillated, they developed defibrillators and pacemakers to keep the same pace. Even so, mortality of animals was too high, with undetermined causes. In July 1951, Dr. Dennis became Professor of Surgery at the University of New York Downstate Medical Center, taking with himself the heart lung machie, by which the University of Minnesota received $ 16,000, a fund employee in further research. Dr. Dennis never operated a patient’s heart. Luckily, this time, Dr. C. Walton Lillehei, appointed Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Minnesota, was full of enthusiasm for cardiac surgery. In 1946, Dr. Lillehei, returning from the war, made residency with Dr. Wangensteen and, in the end, was operated for lymphosarcoma, which forced wide cervicalthoracic evacuation; this, however, did not discourage him, by contrast, increased his will to live and win. During his residency, Dr. Lillehei had spent two years in the laboratory of physiology with Dr. Visscher, which gave him solid experimental basis. Often he “operated” the hearts of patients who had died with congenital diseases, trying to correct the defects. Dr. Lillehei concluded that if we could reach the inside of the heart, the operations would be relatively simple. So when Dr. Wangensteen asked him what research he wanted to develop, did not hesitate in answering: “open heart surgery”, which was quickly accepted by Dr. Wangensteen. From what Dr. Lillehei knew in 1951, the cardiopulmonary bypass systems were not yet at the stage of clinical use, were complicated, difficult to sterilize and mortality of rats was prohibitive. He concluded that some simpler way had to be developed. Based on original work of British surgeons Dr. Anthony Andersen and Dr. Frank Watson, Dr. Lillehei developed the concept of “azygos flow”, which in summary is the fact that they clamped the two cavae, the azygos vein flow , which is about 1/10 of the systemic blood flow, it is sufficient to maintain the brain and other organs for about 40 min. With this, he developed a simple extracorporeal circuit, which used a lobe of the lung to oxygenate blood flow similar to the azygos vein, allowing operation of dogs without mortality. Since hypothermia lowers the oxygen consumption, he suggested that the use of hypothermia could increase the safety period. At the same time, Dr. F. John Lewis and Mansur Taufic (Brazil) began in Minneapolis, the use of hypothermia. After much experimentation on dogs, 130
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found that irreversible ventricular fibrillation was the result of coronary air embolism. Thus, they operated 10 dogs that had previously undergone correction of atrial septal defect, closing it with “hypothermia”, with the death of one dog. In late summer of 1952, Dr. Lewis, Dr. Varco and Dr. Taufic were confident in their technique of hypothermia to the point that on 2/9/1952 operated a five year old girl, underdeveloped and suffering from an atrial septal defect. The temperature was lowered to 26oC, the chest was opened, the cava clamped for 5.5 min for the closing of communication. The child was discharged 11 days postoperatively, and this was the 1st open-heart surgery performed successfully in the world. Five minutes of cardiac arrest that would revolutionize the history of heart disease. By the year 1953, while Dr. Lewis and Dr. Taufic were performing open heart surgery with hypothermia, Dr. Lillehei and his assistants continued their research to solve the problem of oxygenating blood during complete cardiopulmonary bypass without time limit. In 1953, Dr. Andersen and Dr. Watson in England, published their experiments of cross circulation in dogs for periods up to 30min. The group of Dr. Lillehei, Dr. Warden and Dr. Cohen decided to develop the cross circulation with a view to clinical application, they studied the physiological variables and found that none of the “donors” in the trial died. In March 1954, Dr Lillehei and his group felt safe enough to use the cross circulation in humans. In the Hospital of the University of Minnesota, considered very progressive, there was strong opposition to the innovative idea of Dr. Lillehei to perform the cross circulation in humans. Dr. Wangensteen was of invaluable assistance. When a second operation was planned to be suspended last night due to the opposition, Dr. Lillehei left him a note that read: “Is our operation still standing tomorrow morning?” Dr. Wangensteen received the following response: “Dear Walt, by all means go ahead.” Thus, on 03/26/1954, the team of Dr. Lillehei performed surgery on one-year-old boy, who had spent most of his life in hospital with pneumonia and attacks of heart failure, very small, weighing only 6.9 kg and presenting often cyanotic. Catheterization showed a large ventricular septal defect. For the cross circulation, the father was chosen as a “support”. The movement lasted 13min, during which Dr. Lillehei closed the VSD with a continuous suture. The normal operation developed well, as well as the postoperative period until the child developed pneumonia and bronchitis, and died 11 days after the operation. The autopsy showed marked change in the pulmonary circulation.
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Without hesitation, Dr. Lillehei and his colleagues performed surgery on a 2nd patient with four years old using cross circulation on 04/20/1954, using also the father of the child as circulatory support. This patient also developed pneumonia but recovered and was discharged. In late August 1954, Dr Lillehei and his assistants had undergone eight open heart surgeries for closure of VSDs, with two deaths. Facing the seriousness of the cases, the results presented represented an unsurpassed success. On 08/31/1954, with the experience gained in the closutr of the VSDs and the training performed in the autopsy room, Dr. Lillehei operated the 1st case of tetralogy of Fallot with total correction in a 11-year-old boy, underdeveloped and very cyanotic, having left school because of illness. During the cannulation had a cardiac arrest, but the heart started beating when cross circulation was established. The VSD was closed and relieved pulmonary stenosis. The patient was discharged two weeks later, just being able to play baseball and cycling. On 12/03/1954, another patient with tetralogy of Fallot underwent surgery at the age of 19 years, with severe heart failure and cyanosis. The defects were corrected and the patient was discharged cured. Until February 1955, Dr. Lillehei and his group had operated with cross circulation 32 patients with 25 survivors. None of the seven deaths resulted from cross circulation. One of the deaths were due to complete AV block. With repetition of the cases, the cross circulation became easier with the use of a cannula in each cava and a venous reservoir. The flow was maintained 3040% of normal cardiac output at rest. To facilitate visualization within the heart chamber, a tourniquet was applied to the aorta, which was pressed intermittently to reduce the blood within the heart. In April 1955, Dr Lillehei presented the results of nine operations for tetralogy of Fallot with five survivors in the Congress of the American Surgical Association in Philadelphia. The survivors had heart almost normal! During the discussion, Dr. Alfred Blalock, with all his importance, said: “I never thought to live long enough to see the day when this type of surgery could be performed, I congratulate the group of Minnesota by its imagination, courage and dedication”. However, Dr. Blalock suggested that the ultimate solution to support the circulation during surgery would be the heart-lung machine developed by Dr. Gibbon and not cross circulation. Dr. Gibbon had operated the 1st patient with cardiopulmonary bypass in early 1953, but the patient died. In May 1953, Dr. Gibbon operated two patients with atrial septal defect, with complete success, opening
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the patient’s heart under cardiopulmonary bypass and the vast field of cardiac surgery, although it has not been given prominence at the time, perhaps because with hypothermia such operations were being performed routinely by Dr. Lewis and Dr. Taufic, Dr. Gibbon was never able to repeat his feat and, after five unsuccessful attempts, he abandoned heart surgery. Although no comment was done at the meeting in Philadelphia, Dr. Lillehei knew he had at the University of Minnesota a heart-lung more efficient, safer and much simpler than all the sophisticated machinery developed by Dr. Gibbon, Dennis and others. All these oxygenators based on the principle of forming a thin layer of blood over a large surface placed under an atmosphere of oxygen. But another way to create a large interface between the oxygen and blood could be achieved by bubbling oxygen directly into the blood. In 1950, Dr. Leland C. Clark Jr et al, working at Antioch College in Yellow Springs (Ohio), developed a small bubble oxygenator. Other attempts showed that the method of buble oxygenation was too slow and with a great tendency to foam. Dr. Clark was able to demonstrate that it was possible to eliminate the bubbles passing the blood through a tube with sticks or glass beads treated with DC antifoan A. This was a silicone compound developed by Dow Corning Company used for frying potatoes and that is still used today in cardiopulmonary bypass. In 1952, Dr. Clark et al had developed an oxygenator capable of keeping more than 20kg animals in extracorporeal circulation. In 1954, Dr. Richard A. DeWall, a young doctor, was initially hired as responsible for cross circulation at the University of Minnesota, after accepted as a resident. This did not happen because of his grades were not sufficient for the requirements of the University, despite the desire of Dr. Lillehei and Wangensteen. When Dr. DeWall received the news, suggested Dr. Lillehei to hire him as coach of laboratory animals. Both Dr. Lillehei as Dr. Wangensteen accepted the idea and Dr. DeWall continued with the same previous activities, with the only difference that received a payment slightly higher than residents. As a research project, which was compulsory at the University, Dr. Lillehei suggested Dr. DeWall he could work in the bubble oxygenator. He asked him also that not to worry about the previous publications and restarted all the research, from the beginning. Dr. Lillehei and Dr. DeWall had plastic tubes (PVC) of a firm that made the tubes for mayonnaise manufacturers. In the mayonnaise manufacture, formation of foaming was also a major problem that 131
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had been solved smearing the interior of the tubes with the DC antifoan, the same product used many years ago by Dr. Clark et al. Without knowing the work of Dr. Clark, Dr. Lillehei and Dr. DeWall, thought that silicone DC antifoam A was good for mayonnaise and should be good for the blood. Even with antifoan A, there were still some bubbles in the blood. It was when Dr. DeWall was thought to create a helical tube of PVC so that the bubbles would be “pushed” upwards, while the more dense blood without bubbles would be addressed to the bottom of the PVC spiral. In the winter of 1954, Dr. DeWall performed surgery on about 70 dogs using various techniques and revealing details such as the need to heat the blood, which he reached to manage the PVC spiral dipping into a container of warm water. The connections of the tubes and filters have been progressively improved in such a way that, in May 1955, Dr. DeWall and Dr. Lillehei believed to have an oxygenator ready for human use. On 05/13/1955 used the oxygenator of Dr. DeWall for the 1st time in a three year old child with VSD and pulmonary hypertension; the operation developed well, but the patient died 18 hours later. In August 1955, they had used the oxygenator in seven children from 19 months to 7 years old, with only two deaths. All seven children woke up immediately after the operation. The two deaths were not related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Oxygenators created by Dr. DeWall have been improved with use. But the cross circulation, which was allowed to advance one step on the long walk from the heart surgery, it was finally abolished. Unlike the complex oxygenator of Dr. Gibbon, with many moving parts, the bubble oxygenator of Dr. DeWall was elegantly simple, being constructed of plastic tubing used for the food industry, cheap and disposable, and autoclavable. In May 1956, Dr. Lillehei et al reached the milestone of 80 operations with the bubble oxygenator. Within two years, more than 350 patients had been operated. The introduction of the bubble oxygenator permitted the expansion of cardiac surgery throughout the world, where there was a well-equipped hospital and doctors with preparation and willingness to make it a reality. In Brazil, Drs. Drs. Hugo Felipozzi, Adib Jatene, Valdir Jazbik, Domingos Junqueira de Moraes, Marcos Cunha, Hélio Magalhães, Otoni Moreira Gomes e Domingo Marcolino Braile, among others were dedicated to the development of oxygenators and extracorporeal circulation systems. The attempted use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems allowed, after innumerable mistakes and successes in modern membrane 132
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oxygenators, the approach of progressively more complex heart disease with good results in the short and long term. Tens of surgeons may also be mentioned, each with a significant contribution to the development of cardiac surgery. This enumeration would be tedious and probably difficult to hold the reader’s memory. We believe, however, that the emphasis on the name of Dr. Nina Starr Braunwald, can serve as a beacon to illuminate this vast gallery of remarkable people. Dr. Nina Braunwald was born in New York in 1928 and was the first woman to hold an open-heart surgery. Among other firsts, she was also the first woman to be elected to the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. In the late 50’s she developed a flexible polyurethane mitral valve prosthesis with Teflon tendinae cordae, implanting it into dogs and, in 1960, led a team that first used this prosthesis for mitral valve replacement in humans. The patient survived the surgery and remained clinically well for several months. Dr. Braunwald also developed a ball covered mechanical prosthesis, the Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis, which came to be implanted in several patients. She was also pioneer in the use of tissue culture techniques, in order to create non-thrombogenic surface for prostheses and assisted circulation devices. Dr. Nina Starr Braunwald died on 08/05/1992 [19]. In Brazil, many devoted to the field of biological and mechanical prostheses, leading the country towards self-sufficiency and international prominence. Heart Transplant Both the scientific community and the general public were noticeably shaken when, on 12/03/1967, Dr. Christiaan Barnard in Cape Town, South Africa, performed what until then was considered the first heart transplant in human. Thereafter, an avalanche of other cases was being operated, so that in a compilation of Haller and Cerruti, until October 1968, they accounted more than 60 transplants around the world [20]. The 1st heart transplant in Latin America (17th in the world), was performed at Clinics Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, by Dr. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini on 05/26/ 1968. The receiver was a man of 32 years, cowboy and bearer of dilated cardiomyopathy, probably due to Chagas disease. That fact caused a great impact at the time, being matter of emphasis in both scientific and the lay press, with several newspapers and magazines occupy almost the whole space with the subject or opening extras (Folha de São Paulo, year 48, No. 14,225, Supplement I, 05.27.1968). Cardiac transplantation is now a reality, with more than 25,000 cases recorded up to 1993 [21] and
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everything indicates that this number will keep increasing. In this respect, it may be considered prophetic words of Sir Peter B. Medawar (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1970), on 09/11/1968, at the II International Congress of the Transplantation Society in New York [22]: “The organs transplantation will be assimilated into clinical practice ... and there is no need to philosophize about it. This will be true for the simple and sufficient reason that people are constituted in such a way that they would rather live than die”. We believe that this would not be excessive considering this as a valid justification for the development of heart surgery as a whole.
Following, celebrating 100 years of Birth of Professor Zerbini, the esteemed readers will find a clipping of the odyssey that represented the implementation of cardiac surgery at the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, the most important Brazilian universitiy. Its protagonist was Professor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, whose history is narrated in the biography written by his disciples Noedir G. Stolf and Domingo M. Braile.
Cardiac surgery in Brazil The Brazilian participation in each of the topics addressed, has been duly pointed out. One should consider, however, a more generic approach to characterize the importance of cardiac surgery in our midst. Thus, in 2011 were performed in Brazil 100,000 heart surgeries, being 50,000 using CEC with more than half of them for CABG, with results comparable to those of international literature. The surgeries were performed in more than 170 centers distributed in all Brazilian states with the participation of more than 1000 surgeons members of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery. There is no doubt that cardiac surgery in Brazil can find today at an equivalent level of large centers, with multiple poles featured throughout the national territory. It would therefore unfair to emphasize names, because many contributed so that Brazil could occupy the prominence position in the concert of nations. However, it is impossible to not mention the founders of the specialty in Brazil: Hugo Felipozzi, Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, Domingos Junqueira de Moraes and André Esteves Lima, who, with idealism and courage, gave example for the Brazilian cardiac surgeon was forged with ethical and moral principles, which we expect will persist throughout the career of all who embrace this noble career that unites science, art and inventive power. That feeling of compassion for patients is a constant, leading back to normal life those who lost their health in the exercise of citizenship.
1. Políbios. História - Livro I, (seleção, tradução, introdução e notas de Mario da Gama Kury). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília; 1985.
We will always pay homage to Prof. Zerbini! As an example of this generation, we take the liberty to quote only a disciple to represent us, thanks to his performance as a surgeon, teacher, scientist and public figure, Full Professor Adib Domingos Jatene. Among his contributions, the anatomic correction of transposition of great vessels is a sample of his stimulating qualities for Brazilian surgeons be recognized internationally.
REFERENCES
2. Blanco RR. Técnica da Pesquisa Científica, vol I e II. São Paulo: Cupolo Ltda; 1978. 3. Santolho LC. História Geral da Medicina Brasileira, vol 1º. São Paulo: Humanismo Ciência e Tecnologia Hucitec Ltda e Universidade de São Paulo; 1977. 4. End A, Wolner E. The Heart: location of the human soul - site of surgical intervention. J Card Surg. 1993;8(3):398-403. 5. Kury MG. In: Herôdotos. História (tradução do grego, introdução e notas de Mario da Gama Kury). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília; 1985. 6. Góbich E. El conducto arterioso - estudio anatomico, fisiologico, clinico-quirurgico. Buenos Aires: Prensa Medica Argentina; 1945. 7. Clathworthy Jr HW, Robert EG. A memorial surgical rounds 1989:55-68 apud Gott VL - And it happened during our lifetime... Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55(5):1057-64. 8. Gott VL. And it happened during our lifetime... Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55(5):1057-64. 9. McNamara DG, Rosenberg HS. Coarctação de la Aorta. In: Hamish Watson - Cardiologia Pediatrica. Barcelona: Salvat; 1970. p.188. 10. Mendonça JT, Carvalho MR, Costa RK, Franco Filho E. Coarctation of the aorta. A new surgical technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;90(3):445-7. 11. Sellors TH. Surgery of pulmonary stenosis; a case in wich pulmonary valve was successfully divided. Lancet 1948;1(6513):988. 12. Brock RC. Pulmonary valvulotomy for the relief of congenital stenosis; report of three cases. Br Med J. 1948;1(4562):1121.
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13. Margutti R, Borges S, Campos Filho CM, Gallucci C, Branco Jr LB. Tratamento cirúrgico da estenose valvular aórtica. Rev Paulista Med. 1955;46:82-91.
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18. Wilson LG. The development of cardiac surgery at Minnesota 1940-1960. In: Wilson LG - Medical Revolution in Minnesota: a History of the University of Minnesota Medical School. St. Paul: Midewiwin Press; 1989.
14. Bailey CP, Glover RP, O’Neil TJ, Redondo-Ramirez HP. Experiences with the experimental surgical relief of aortic stenosis J Thorac Surg. 1950;20(4):516-41.
19. Waldhausen JA. In Memoriam: Nina S. Braunwald, 1928-1992. Ann Thorac Surg.1993;55(5):1055-6.
15. Cohn LH. The first successful surgical treatment of mitral stenosis; The 70th anniversary of Elliot Cutler’s mitral commissurotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56(5):1187-90.
20. Haller JD, Cerruti MM. Heart transplantation in man: compilation of cases. January 1, 1964 to October 23, 1968. Am J Cardiol. 1968;22(6):840-3.
16. Bailey CP. Surgical treatment of coronary artery disease Anais do IX Congresso Internacional do Colégio Internacional de Cirurgiões - vol IV - Parte Científica. São Paulo, SP – Brasil; 1954.
21. Kaye MP. Pediatric thoracic transplantations: the world experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;12(6 pt2):S344-50.
17. Lillehei CW. The Society Lecture. European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Meeting, Montpellier, France, September 1992. The birth of open-heart surgery: then the golden years. Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;2(3):308-17.
22. Kantrowitz A, Haller JD. Symposium on human heart transplantation. Introduction. Am J Cardiol. 1968;22(6):761. 23. Braile DM. The health care system in Brazil. Curr Surg. 1991;48(6):361-4.
PATHS OF CARDIOLOGY Coordinator - Louis V. Décourt The article by Braile and Godoy focuses an impressive history. It is known that surgery of the chest remained in long period of absence due to peculiar conditions of local viscera. Also in 1941, the English translation of the great History of Medicine, by Castiglioni, it was highlighted the fact that, “except for the drainage of empyema and lung abscess, thoracic surgery is far behind other areas of the body”. And the situation worsened when it was considering interventions on the heart, either by technical difficulties, either by the significance of the organ as untouchable structure in the physical and spiritual constitution of the body. It must be remembered that Prof. Theodor Bilroth (1829-1894), cited in the current study as relentlessly critical of interventions on the heart, was a great surgeon, founder of School of Surgery in Vienna, and certainly one of the pioneers in the modern surgery of the abdomen. Therefore, he was peculiar interpreter of medical ideas of the end of the last century*. Subsequently, in little more than four decades, there was an exquisite evolution fruit of dreams and also tenacity and unwavering perseverance. There was, throughout the period, the right attitude of the researchers. There were 134
questionable adventures, unjustified improvisations, unacceptable bold but sensible attitudes based on a double orientation: the constant search for experimental bases always instructive and obedience and clinical, functional and safe rationale. And this behavior was not affected by initial failures (Bailey) and even serious illness of a researcher (Lillehei). I followed closely this extraordinary evolution through my brotherly work of my Clinics with Professor Zerbini’s team. And I have seen the transformation of the past taboo in today’s high corrective routine. In this study, teachers Braile and Godoy bring broad and thorough overview with illuminating details about phases of failures, expectations and wins until the great current position. And its reading provides us with an image of the medicine of our time, so it represents a persistent, conscientious and fruitful struggle. Article originally published in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, Volume 66:(1), in 1996. Reproduction authorized by the Editors.
* Editor’s Note: The author referred to the nineteenth century, since the article is from 1996.
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SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
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SPECIAL 100 YEARS PROFESSOR ZERBINI
TRIBUTE TO 100 YEARS OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR ZERBINI
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini: a biography Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini: uma biografia
Noedir A. G. Stolf1, Domingo M. Braile2 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120020
RBCCV 44205-1361
Professor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, E. J. Zerbini, as he liked to be quoted, is undoubtedly one of the great figures of Brazilian Medicine. His contributions to the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, as well as his legacy as a teacher and opinion maker, grant him an ideal place for posterity. Reviewing the steps and the circumstances that shaped the temper of this pioneer means another tribute to the master, also covered with an educational nature for future generations. Zerbini was born May 7, 1912 in the city of Guaratinguetá, Vale do Paraíba. He was the sixth child (the youngest) of Eugênio and Ernestina Zerbini (Figure 1), he who was born in the small Italian town of Serravalle, in Emilia-Romagna and she registered in Argentina, daughter of Genoese fathers. Eugene, a professor, ostensibly cultivated the discipline and
Fig. 2 - Zerbini at the time of completion of high school course in Campinas
Fig. 1 - The couple Eugênio and Ernestina Zerbini and children. Dr. Zerbini is the first at right, standing
1. Titular Professor of the Discipline of Cardiovascular Surgery at Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. 2. Emeritus Professor of the State Faculty of Medicine of Rio Preto and Senior Professor at Faculty of Medical Sciences of UNICAMP.
dedication of the children to school. Zerbini studied until the first year of high school in his hometown. With the transfer from father to Campinas, he finished the Scientific Course, at Colégio Diocesano Santa Maria, in that city (Figure 2). According Zerbini’s own words, as he didn’t believe it was his vocation to a career, his father suggested he could study medicine. Thus, from Campinas he moved to the house of his sister, Eunice, in São Paulo, preparing for the difficult entrance exam. In 1930, he was approved for one of the 50 seats of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), ranked among the top 10! At the time, FMUSP had an excellent reputation, which was supported in part by the Rockefeller Foundation [1]. Studying Medicine in São Paulo was not cheap, even considering that the College was free. To alleviate the financial burden of his father, he 137
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taught Chemistry, Physics and Natural History in preuniversity courses, already during his first year in college. FMUSP, which was held in the city center, moved to the building of Dr. Arnaldo Avenue in following year, 1931. The “Hospital School” of the College was the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, where Zerbini has been acting as an academic procedure in the 17th Chair of Surgery, headed by icons of the time, sequentially: Professors João Alves Meira, Benedito Montenegro and finally, Alípio Corrêa Netto, his master and mentor (Figure 3). During the course, and the Constitutional Revolution of 1932, there was a great mobilization of teachers and students in FMUSP, and Zerbini participated in the movement at Vale do Paraíba. In 1935, he graduated doctor (Figure 4). In 1939, still at Santa Casa, when the Faculty of Dr. Edmundo Etzel’s team left, just four years after graduation, Zerbini was appointed to be the Head of Division, occupying the highly coveted post of first assistant, a position immediately below of Titular Professor. Professor Alípio Corrêa Netto could have chosen for that important position, one of his older assistants. But, surprisingly, he chose to name the young Zerbini, seeing in him the great capacity that the future would prove to be true. In 1941, he was 29 years old and was submitted to this contest for Full Professor, studying hard for a year, when normally required at least five years of preparation. The theme chosen for his lecture was: Supratentorial Brain Tumors, and was approved with note 9.41 on a scale of 10 (Zerbini, 2010).
Fig. 3 – Prof. Dr. Alípio Corrêa Neto
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Fig. 4 - Graduation at the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo in 1935
First contact with the heart Although its activity was mainly in General Surgery, he worked at Hospital São Luiz Gonzaga in the suburb of Jaçanã, performing Thoracic Surgery in patients with tuberculosis, which was highly prevalent. In February 1942, a fortuitous event would mark his first contact with the surgical approach to heart. At that time, the heart was still an anatomical fiction, which could only be seen or touched in autopsy rooms. A seven-year-old boy called Disnei was received in a critical condition in the Emergency Department of Santa Casa, with a metallic shrapnel which penetrated the precordium. They team decided to call Dr. Zerbini, who as always, was in the hospital. The case was unusual, and therefore they consulted their master. They decided to operate on the patient! It dealt with heart wounds, involving the anterior descending coronary artery that was occluded in the suture. The patient survived the procedure and the surgeon himself. It was the first suture, successfully, of a heart wounds in the country, earning international publication in the Journal of Cardiac Surgery, in 1943, entitled: “Coronary ligation in wounds of the heart”. It was also the first procedure on the heart of this pioneer of heart surgery in Latin America.
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To the United States Despite this historical event, Dr. Zerbini continued to devote himself to the Thoracic Surgery. Dissatisfied with the limitations of it, which acted only on the chest wall and pleura to perform pneumothorax and thoracoplasty, in order to collapse the lung with tuberculous caverns, Zerbini decided, with the support of Prof. Alípio, to visit the United States. He attended the service of Dr. Evarts Graham, who had performed the world’s first pneumonectomy for treatment of lung cancer, in St. Louis at Barnes Hospital. Excited by what he saw, asked the Cultural Union BrazilUnited States and the Institute of International Education a scholarship in te U.S. State Department. He received approval on January 17, 1944, and six months later, he went to the United States for an initial period of one year (embedded in a Douglas DC-3, which took three days to reach the destination). At Barnes Hospital, surrounded by leaders of his specialty at the time, having at its disposal the latest surgical technology available, Zerbini felt like he was in another world. As always, very lucky! He found little competition from American residents, since most young doctors had been called to the Armed Forces during World War II. Having completed six months at Barnes Hospital, Zerbini moved to Boston, where he remained for another six months under the guidance of Professor Oliver Cope, at Massachusetts General Hospital. Between July and September 1945, Zerbini also visited several U.S. departments of surgery, including Dr. Alfred Blalock in Baltimore. The principle of all With the knowledge gained, Zerbini brought to Brazil the fundaments for Thoracic Surgery and the beginnings of modern heart surgery. With its pioneering spirit he performed at the Clinics Hospital, USP, the second surgery, modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in Brazil. The first had been performed in Santos, by Dr. Domingos Pinto, who had been trained by Dr. Charles Bailey, and had instruments suitable for intervention. Soon after, Zerbini performed the first ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus in a 18-year-old young, having been the first to repair an aortic coarctation in the country. In mid-1952 when the World Heart Surgery took its first steps to penetrate the heart cavities, Zerbini started intracardiac procedures with moderate hypothermia to treat simple congenital heart diseases, such as interatrial communications, which had been performed recently, pioneered by Lewis, Varco and Taufic (the latter, Brazilian), in Minneapolis [2]. Rheumatic fever, epidemic in the world, including the United States, was also prevalent in Brazil, causing severe sequelae of the heart valves, especially mitral stenosis. This disease was treated blindly with the introduction of the
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index finger of the surgeons, who were easily recognized by failing to grow, for obvious reasons, the nail of that finger. In addition the nail, in more complicated cases, they used small flexible knives, difficult to handle. The valve opening provided excellent results, but the methods required a lot of poor diagnostic accuracy of clinical auscultation because it was essential for the indication of the intervention. The electrocardiogram helped to indirectly assess the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension. We remember Professor always asked in discussions how was the R wave in V1 – pure R wave contraindicated the surgery. The same occurred with atrial fibrillation, because the possibility of preventing atrial thrombi in treatment. History shows us that it is difficult to be ahead of time. We can imagine Elliot Cutler, from Boston, on May 20, 1923, and Sir Henry Souttar, London, on May 6, 1925, who had successfully performed such interventions in a time that surgery, as science, took its first steps. These memorable experiences were only revived in the late 40’s, when Charles P. Bailey, in Philadelphia, followed by Dwight E. Harken in Boston, began the modern era of mitral commissurotomy and Cardiac Surgery. Open surgery Soon after, in the early 50s, Zerbini began a major world experiences in the treatment of mitral stenosis. It is worthing revealing that a medical student named Adib Domingos Jatene participated on the first intervention,, who was enchanted by the new Cardiac Surgery. This made all the difference: 32 years later, he would replace Prof. Zerbini as Professor at FMUSP in 1983. One of the authors of this study, Domingo Braile, in 1958, was commissioned to do a survey of patients undergoing mitral commissurotomy by that date. There were more than 1,500, with results that compete with international statistics. In his lectures and conferences, Prof. Zerbini didactically divided the Cardiac Surgery in the periods. The first, which dealt with the disease “around the heart” and, second, on which the defects were corrected with the heart opened, under direct vision of defects. On May 6, 1953, John Gibbon, in Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, in Philadelphia, successfully performed the first heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The chambers of the heart were opened and the immense field of Cardiac Surgery of our Age. Zerbini, always attentive to the progress and development of specialty and supported by the institution of higher scientific weight in Latin America, the University of São Paulo, followed by meetings of his group, showed the way to be followed [2]. The wide development of open heart surgery in the United States occurred in 1955 with the development of reproducible techniques by Dr. Clarence Walton Lillehei and Richard DeWall. In Brazil, interest was growing, with 139
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the completion of experimental procedures, allowing the deployment of new technologies in the short term. With these bases well established, Professor. Zerbini, accompanied by physician Dr. Dirce Costa Zerbini (his wife), traveled to Minneapolis in 1957, the Mecca of cardiac surgery at the time to familiarize himself with cardiopulmonary bypass and techniques involving the complex intracardiac operations. Artificial Heart-Lung Workshop Back in Brazil, along with his assistants Delmont Bittencourt, Geraldo Verginelli, Adib Jatene, Edgar San Juan, Rubens Arruda, Dirce Costa Zerbini and Antonio Geraldo de Freitas Neto, immediately began operations with cardiopulmonary bypass in the room “C” of the Clinics Hospital, USP, which was gave him only once a week. Soon after, other enthusiasts of Cardiac Surgery added to the group, as Euclides Marques, Seigo Tsuzuki, Magnus Coelho de Sousa, Dagoberto Conceição, Ruy Gomide do Amaral, Domingo Braile and Noedir Stolf, among others, and dedicated technicians. The mood was of high commitment to the patient during operations and during the often stormy postoperative period. The operations lasted all day and often progressed into the night, with results not always satisfactory. Most of the instruments and equipment were imported, very expensive for the Brazilian reality. Their maintenance was almost impossible, depended on American technicians to repair them, which generated even more costs and large waiting time. With a rare sight for a professional academic, Zerbini chose to create in the basement of the Clinics Hospital, the Artificial Heart-Lung Office. Such a unit would be for the construction and maintenance of equipment for heart surgery, rather than buy them outside Brazil. That made a huge difference, as proven over time. With his simplicity, he said: “Dismantle these huge machines that we sell for high prices, and you will see that they are black boxes with half a dozen components inside, and that we can develop here without any problem”. In 1954, Dr. Adib Jatene left the capital to exercise his profession at Triângulo Mineiro, where his family had moved after his father’s death in Xapuri, Acre, where he was born. In Uberaba, was Professor of Topographical Anatomy, but remained interested in cardiac surgery, and there has developed a heart lung machine. In 1960, Zerbini, aware of the deed, invited him to rejoin the group, returning to the Clinics Hospital and FMUSP, where he graduated. I quote here the words of Professor. Adib, chronicling the beginning of a Brazilian epic moment: “I went back and established in the Clinics Hospital, a small workshop (which initially was in the elevator machine room side Rebouças). 140
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There I made the first model of artificial heart-lung’s Clinical Hospital, which used a disk oxygenator and a roller pump. Then they arranged a maintenance area and I established what I called the Workshop and Experimental Research, and we produced and systematized cardiopulmonary bypass”. The Workshop began to work with an engineer and three employees: two turners, who were brothers, and an adjuster, and some curious students of electronics and mechanics: Gerônimo, Waldomiro, Benvindo and Eng. Nemésio (Figure 5). This unit was the incipient embryo of the Bioengineering Division, Heart Institute (InCor). At the same time and in the same way, an Experimental Laboratory, specific for tests of equipment and development of pioneering techniques, was created together with the Department of Surgical Technique.
A
B Fig. 5 - Artificial Heart-Lung Workshop – “Basement” of HCUSP - São Paulo. From left to right, Benvindo - drill, Eng. Nemésio - Electronics, Waldomiro – press and Braile - planer
Stolf NAG & Braile DM - Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini: a biography
This enabled all products, as well as new techniques were tested by the team, usually dogs, before starting in 1958, the continued use in patients. The two authors of this study, Noedir Stolf and Domingo Braile, had the opportunity and honor to work in the early and wellequipped, for the time, laboratory, even when medical students in FMUSP. Nothing can resist Work In those days of pioneering, despite all the effort, dedication and studies, mortality was high, as we see in the article “Cardiovascular Surgery in Brazil: Achievements and Possibilities” [3], published when the thousandth surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass was performed by the team. Many were the reasons for failure and little was known of the metabolic consequences induced by cardiopulmonary bypass itself. Zerbini, worried, instructed Dr. Ruy Vaz Gomide do Amaral, anesthesiologist, to study the reasons for the failures. This, after training in the United States, showed that one cause of death was a result of acidosis that followed the procedures. Zerbini bought immediately the first unit of gasometry of Brazil, installing it in the anteroom of the operating room, with technicians available 24 hours a day! It was a huge breakthrough. From such knowledge, others were added to gradually do away with the stigma that haunted heart surgeries that often resulted in failure and patient death, to the dismay of the entire team. Dr. Ruy Vaz Gomide do Amaral was rewarded, had a brilliant career, becoming Professor of Anesthesiology at FMUSP. Times were hard, it was necessary to have courage to face the criticism that would not forgive scientific advances. This unfortunately does not jump, but results from the daily work of idealists who believe overcome the difficulties with study and work, hard work. It is worth mentioning that we have inherited the aphorism of Professor Zerbini: “Nothing can resist work”. It had fundamental importance in the development process, the Professor of the 1st Surgical Clinic, Professor Alípio Corrêa Netto, who always believed in Prof. Zerbini and his team, offering full support so that even facing difficulties, the group could succeed.
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“Zerbini Caravans” With better results, the number of patients who underwent surgery by Prof. Zerbini was growing alongside his prestige in Brazil, Latin America, and even in the concert of nations. The influx of surgeons, mainly from HispanoAmerica, seeking training was increasing. There was a time on which Castilian was more spoken in the operating room that Portuguese, many were foreigners who were here to learn high quality surgical techniques practiced. For wider disclosure of technics and feasibility of Cardiac Surgery as a reality accessible to everyone in the early 60s, Professor created “Zerbini Caravan”. They moved up throughout Brazil and many countries in South America, with a full team of surgeons, perfusionists, anesthesiologists and cardiologists. They carried all the equipment necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in hospitals in cities that were not prepared to live the new reality. The results were equal to the sacrifice and work such moves accounted for their leader and all his excited team (Figure 6). Hilarious facts and situations of great tension were always with those who had the opportunity to participate in this democratic demonstration of patriotism and dedication to colleagues and patients. It would be possible to cite dozens of unusual events during the Caravan, but we will mention only one. The team was doing demonstrations in the capital of Goiás. Everything was doing well during the patient’s surgery with tetralogy of Fallot, when the heart lung machine caught fire! The perfusionist was Dr. Dirce Costa Zerbini. The panic was general, many fled in terror, while she remained calm. The
Fig. 6 - Zerbini Caravan (Belém, 1960)
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only liquid near was a bottle with urine of the patient being operated. She had no doubts: threw urine from the flames that, miraculously, became extinct. The surgeons, aware of the operative field, did not even realize what had happened and the surgery was completed without incident. And it was a miracle because the machine worked with an electronic valve (Tyretron) which produced 20,000 volts! After this occurrence, the pump circuit was completely changed, from Brazilian technology, which eliminated the possibility of new fires. BSCVS and BJCVS Today, Heart Surgery is in all capitals and major cities from north to south and east-west Brazil. The number of heart surgeries is the second largest in the world, performed by more than 1,000 surgeons, meeting at the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (BSCVS). Founded in 1969, BSCVS had Professor Zerbini as its first president. He has been in such position for 15 years, offering his work and dedication until the association became strong and could evolve under the command of new leaders. This demonstrates the spirit of the master, who has always supported the associative activity, making it an element of reconciliation and development of colleagues in the art. He spared no effort to honor the scientific activity within the BSCVS, attending all meetings, demanding discipline with the times, always sitting in the front row and ready to guide the work and discussions. In 1986, Professor Zerbini was one of those who pushed the board to BSCVS had its own scientific journal. Thus, the Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (BJCVS) was born, with the first Chief Editor Prof. Adib Domingos Jatene. Since then, both the Congress of BSCVS and BJCVS grown exponentially, setting an example for other societies. But an event would bring visibility to the extraordinary figure of Dr. Zerbini and his group. Heart Transplant On December 3, 1967, Dr. Christiaan N. Barnard, in Cape Town, South Africa, performed the first heart transplant between humans in the world. Although the patient lived only 18 days, in spite of negative reviews, this feat aroused enormous interest in heart surgery centers around the world. In the U.S., at the same month of December, Kantrowitz performed transplantation in a child without success. Immediately, Professor Zerbini met the team and other experts to start prepararation, with great care, from every point of view, to perform the transplant. From January 1968, other centers began to perform heart transplants. The team led by Prof. Zerbini would perform the first transplant on May 26, 1968, or slightly more than five months after historical transplantation in South Africa On two occasions, in 1967, Brazil has not just become a 142
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pioneer in heart transplantation. At first, it was barred by the Council of the Clinics Hospital, USP. In the second, we could not find donors for a heart attack victim whose heart did not work even with direct massage on the open chest [4]. Then, on May 26, 1968, João Ferreira da Cunha, João Boiadeiro, received the heart of Luis Fernando de Barros, victim of trampling. The procedure began with the long wait until the donor’s brain did not present more signs of activity. Then the two teams (41 people in total) into action. It was dawn when Prof. Zerbini pulled John’s heart and at the same time, Luís’s heart came on a platter. We decided to leave the donor heart at normal temperature, irrigated by machine perfusion, for better protection, unlike the cooling technique used by Barnard. The transplant ended at 7:53 a.m.. The transplanted heart was beating in the chest of João Boiadeiro! The next day, newspapers splashed the feat, weaving praise for Professor Zerbini, who was also compared to Leonardo da Vinci, in an editorial on the front page of O Globo newspaper. Despite the criticism, and the patient lived only 28 days, the effect was overwhelmingly positive. The proof is that the governor of São Paulo Abreu Sodré, went to the Clinics Hospital in the dawn of the transplant (Figure 7). Later, with enthusiastic scientific achievement, the governor approved the release of funds for the construction of the Heart Institute (InCor), one of the largest hospital complexes in the world dedicated to diagnosis, treatment and research of cardiovascular diseases. The design of its creation had been previously approved, and the area had already been donated. Luiz Venere Décourt was founder of the creation of the Heart Institute, along with Professor Zerbini. Until 1969, two more patients were transplanted, the second lived more than 400 days and the third 60 days. The interest generated by the heart transplant, inside and outside of Brazil, was very high, both compared to the lay public, as with the medical and scientific community. Internationally, Brazil and the Clinics Hospital of the University of São Paulo were inserted between the centers of the new pioneering achievement. In a Symposium held in Cape Town, Professor Zerbini was among the 13 pioneering surgeons, discussing aspects of this treatment stage. He would participate in other scientific events on the same topic. Dr. Christian Barnard, although still controversial, no doubt, a celebrity in the world in terms of medical and social point of view, visited the Faculty of Medicine and Clinics Hospital in 1969 (Figure 8). On that occasion, he was also received with Dr. Zerbini’s team, at the residence of the governor Abreu Sodré. With the compulsory retirement of Prof. Alípio Corrêa Netto, Professor of Clinical Surgery, extinguished the chair at the University of São Paulo, it was opened public tender for the post of Professor of Clinical Surgery. Although he
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InCor Since the year 1968, a commission had been planning the realization of a dream of Professor Zerbini and his team: the project design and implementation of the Heart Institute with ongoing meetings and visits abroad made by Dr. Delmont Bittencourt, nurse Clarice Ferrarini and architect Nelson Daruj. This was followed by the construction (Figure 10) the installation of equipment and, sequentially, in 1976, the Division of Bioengineering was settled. In 1977, the clinic (consultation) began activities and, in 1978, the project was completed, with the hospitalization of Fig. 7 - Morning of the first transplant at the Clinics Hospital, attended by the Governor patients and the full functioning of the Abreu Sodré Surgical Center. Although the InCor had advanced equipment and facilities for the time, the operation was was the only candidate registered, Prof. Zerbini, as a mark struggling with budget difficulties, as received insufficient of his personality, prepared with extreme care. At that time, resources, in reality, only a small fraction of what was the contest included: Thesis, Curriculum Test, Memorial managed by the large complex of Clinics Hospital. That’s and Public Hearing. He, who always believed in teams, when the idea of creating a foundation of private, nonprofit, called several employees of cardiology and surgery to help for supporting InCor arose. The process was conducted in the preparation of the thesis “Late results of repair of personally by Prof. Zerbini, mobilizing many politicians and tetralogy of Fallot”. And, also, to prepare the points to the businessmen, and relying on the large participation of Prof. Curriculum Test, lesson to be drawn 24 hours before, Décourt, Professor of Cardiology. including all surgical specialties. In 1969, the tender ended, This move sparked strong opposition from leaders of he became Titular Professor of Clinical Surgery at FMUSP major complex of the Clinics Hospital/FMUSP. Finally, with (Figure 9). That same year, 1969, Professor. Zerbini was the mediation of prominent personalities in the Medical invited as the first Brazilian to receive the title of “Honored and Civil Society, the desired agreement occurred. Guest of the American Association of Thoracic Surgery Pioneering project was approved, the Foundation has (AATS)”, featuring the “Honored Guest Conference: The received the initial name of “Foundation for the surgical treatment of Fallot complex: late results”.
Fig. 8 - Visit of Dr. Christian Barnard at Clinics Hospital in 1969. In the foreground, Zerbini and Barnard
Fig. 9 - Tenure as Titular Professor of Clinical Surgery in 1969. With the presence of Director Prof. João Alves Meira and Secretary Dante Nese
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chemotherapy and resection of peripheral lesions and lymph nodes, first with local anesthetic and then with general anesthesia for inguinal and cervical dissections. Colleagues testify that Professor Zerbini behaved with discipline and consideration facing therapeutic procedures and difficult decisions, like going to treat the United States or stay in São Paulo, devoting himself more leisure and family. On October 23, 1993, died at InCor, which he created and operated as an exemplary institution. He was buried in the cemetery of Araçá, accompanied by his peers, colleagues, disciples and admirers, greeted by fellow countryman, Professor Carlos da Silva Lacaz and his future successor, Professor Adib Jatene. A life of so intense activity, ideally Fig. 10 - Final phase of construction of the Heart Institute, Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo should be supported by a family constellation and harmonic support. Professor Zerbini met his wife, a medical Development of Bioengineering” (FUNDEBE). Later, in student, and married Dr. Dirce Costa, in 1949. Of Portuguese fairness, was transformed into “Zerbini Foundation”, descent and temper, was partner of all times. Collaborated worshiping the name of its creator. Over the years, many in the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass, and to advanced projects and major developments in the field of this area of activity devoted herself for many years, forming cardiovascular surgery there had generated international the first disciples of the specialty. They had three children, attention, contributing so conspicuous, for the evolution chronologically: Roberto, Eduardo and Ricardo. Two of of the specialty in Brazil and Latin America. them, engineers, and one, Eduardo, graduated in Paulista Medical School (now UNIFESP) (Figure 11), was approved Retirement and Working for the residence of Surgery at the Clinics Hospital of At age 70, after his mandatory retirement in 1982, FMUSP. Unfortunately, before starting it, died in a tragic Professor Zerbini continued with intense surgical activity. traffic accident, an extraordinarily painful loss for Dr. Zerbini, He operated with his team in the Hospital Beneficência his family and all his many friends. The teacher always had Portuguesa in Sao Paulo, and led personally, among others, a very close relationship with his sister, Eunice, due to the a successful heart transplantation program, in the second proximity of the families’ homes, her invaluable activity as phase of this technique, after the advent of cyclosporine guardian of the “boys” during their studies, as a teacher and the like, which managed to reduce the large problem of she was, and also because Dona Eunice was dedicated rejection. Even in the condition of “retired”, Professor made volunteer of InCor, Division of Bioengineering. a point of keeping his resumé and Memorial updated. Such that, during a tribute received in a Congress of the BSCVS Master with Honours showed that in the five years following retirement had Professor Zerbini made a huge number of trips for collected more scientific and academic activities in the five participation in scientific events in all parts of the world, years that preceded it. Participated actively in all and some travel as part of Brazilian delegations, on membership activities; traveled throughout Brazil, never invitation, for example, of the Chinese government. He was refusing an invitation, even small entities in cities away received by the Pope, invited to discuss with colleagues of from the large centers. Humility and love of work were his great prestige, organ donation at the Academy of Sciences trademarks. of the Vatican. Had the honor to be bestowed by countless honors, honors and awards from national and foreign The end of the day institutions, including the title of Doctor Honoris Causa by Amid this intense professional activity, he had a the University of Coimbra (Figure 12). neurological condition and the diagnosis of a brain tumor. Dr. Zerbini had some leisure activities. He played tennis He underwent surgery and found to treat metastasis of regularly in the form of classes or matches, with colleagues melanoma. A tough and short day followed with and friends at Clube Pinheiros. He went on his farm in 144
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Fig. 12 - Zerbini received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa by the University of Coimbra
Fig. 11 - Dr. Zerbini and Dr. Dirce with their children Roberto, Eduardo and Ricardo
Cunha, near his hometown, Guaratinguetá, and especially liked the sound of water, lying in lush waterfall, right beside your cottage. Zerbini’s Legacy The greatness of a man is measured by his achievements and successes, but most of all, by his legacy. The role of Professor Zerbini in the development of Cardiac Surgery in Brazil and Latin American is well known and recognized, as well as the many scientific contributions to the specialty, which had international repercussions. The contributions of Professor Zerbini transcend borders and extend for successive generations. The creation of a unit to manufacture products for cardiac surgery, instead of getting those products in the United States, gave rise to the Bioengineering Division of InCor. It was an initiative that had consequences of immense importance. He represented the model for the creation of similar units in other leading institutions such as the Institute of Cardiology in São Paulo State, later, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology. Another consequence was the national production of the full range of equipment for heart surgery at a cost compatible with the Brazilian reality. A host of surgeons in Brazil and Latin-America, formed in the service of Professor Zerbini and the Institute of Cardiology in São Paulo State, could only start its activities in the art (in Brazil or in their countries) because such surgeons could rely on equipment made in these institutions, which had no profit. Finally, the pioneer of the Heart Workshop established a philosophy of creativity and entrepreneurship in the professionals that attended it.
From this, companies have created material for cardiac surgery or have other consultants. The number of these companies in the country is appreciable. They supply the Brazilian market, export and play a key role in developing new products. It was another dream held by Professor: make Brazil, from importer of technology to exporter. Today, Brazilian and multinational companies that employ Brazilians, supply throughout the international market, taking away the name of Brazil. They represent a real marker of the strength of this country that Zerbini loved so much. More Fruits In order to specify a little more the importance of the Bioengineering Division at InCor in the consolidation of this activity in Brazil, we can emphasize that the metal prosthesis of Starr-Edwards ball model was developed and produced under the baton of Professor Adib Jatene, for use by the Institute and others , which allowed surgery to replace heart valves on a large scale. He innovated with the prosthesis of human dura mater preserved in glycerin, which had worldwide repercussions, assembled and used in all cardiac surgery services in Brazil. This was, undoubtedly, the initial step in the production of biological prostheses, such as bovine pericardium and porcine aortic valve, pioneered manufactured by Brazilian companies. It also developed a cardiac pacemaker in 70s, allowing the implant in poor patients, who at that time depended only on the charity to be treated. The first artificial ventricle of Latin America had its research and production performed in the workshops of InCor. It was implemented in the institution, as the initial experience in this field in Latin America in 1992, with full success. Subsequently, the patient was transplanted when a compatible donor and his better conditions allowed. The creation of the Unit of Bioengineering was thus the seed of important Brazilian companies and successful products for Cardiac Surgery. 145
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Emphasizing the invaluable fruits of Professor Zerbini, we must insist on which the creation of InCor represented. The project of creation had been approved, the area ceded by the state, but without performing the first heart transplant and the personal prestige of the master, the financial resource would not have been released. As mentioned, the creation of the Zerbini Foundation to support the InCor was the key lever for the growth of this pioneering institution in Latin America. The Disciples of Professor Fig 13 - Photo of the participants of the Meeting of Professor Zerbini Disciples, in London Zerbini Authors note: Perhaps the greatest legacy has been the formation of Full Professor Noedir G. Stolf was the disciple who disciples. It is estimated that more than 400 surgeons formed stood by Professor Zerbini. He graduated with distinction with Professor. Zerbini. They came from all over Brazil, from in FMUSP and held all offices of the University in a Hispano-America, from Mexico to South America and other brilliant career. From September 2006, winning the tender countries, like Portugal, Spain, India and even Japan The for Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery, FMUSP, was latter sent five interns to do all their training in Chairman of the Board and Member of the Board of cardiovascular surgery in a country still considered Trustees of the Heart Institute, Director of the Division of peripheral, but whose heart surgery has loomed as one of Surgery at Heart Institute, Clinics Hospital, FMUSP and markers of its glorious destiny. From Brazil they came from Member of the Board of that hospital. In addition, he was all States and today they are the best university professors, Department Coordinator of the Brazilian Association of heads of major units and innovative services with Organ Transplantation, responsible for Heart international recognition. The consideration, respect and Transplantation at InCor. Thus, it was fulfilled the affection for Professor Zerbini reached such a level that prophecy of Professor Zerbini, who always saw the resulted in the establishment of a scientific event called potential in him as a great surgeon and professor of innate Disciples of Professor Zerbini Meeting, held annually. To qualities. He devoted with much emphasis on teaching him, all the direct disciples were connected, including many and research, being an icon respected nationally and from abroad, as well as surgeons who, although having internationally. The performance of Noedir Stolf as a performed other training services, publicly declared scientist, class leader and great supporter of young themselves disciples for adoption (Figure 13). people, can be evaluated for his production, and he has So, to paraphrase the celebrated writer, illustrator and published over 558 papers in journals of national and French pilot Antoine-Jean-Baptiste-Marie-Roger international impact, 137 book chapters, six books of the Foscolombe of Saint-Exupéry: “Each one that passes in specialty. He participated in 350 scientific meetings in our life, going alone, because each person is unique and Brazil and in many foreign nations. Along with his group replaces any other. Each one that passes in our life, going presented 1500 studies in Congress. Organized over 60 alone, but it will not only not us alone. Take a little of scientific events. He participated in examination boards ourselves, let a little of themselves. There are those who in more than 80 doctoral, master’s theses and tenders, take it, but there are those who do not take anything. This and 3 were related to selection of professors and 8 of is the greatest responsibility of our lives, and the proof habilitation. Supervised 17 doctors and currently another that two souls are not random. You become responsible 3. He belongs to the editorial board of 10 international forever for what you have tamed.” journals and is reviewer of many. He operates in six lines Professor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini is included of advanced research. among those who spend our lives in an unforgettable way, Full Professor Domingo Braile, formed in FMUSP, was make it abundantly, engage us and become responsible, the disciple who chose new challenges. Implemented a forever, for our destinies. 146
Stolf NAG & Braile DM - Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini: a biography
Department of Cardiac Surgery in São José do Rio Preto, back in 1963, which served as an example for the dissemination of expertise in all corners of Brazil. He was one of the founders of the State Faculty of Medicine of Rio Preto, where he retired as Professor. Emeritus, where he is currently the Dean of Postgraduation Department. He introduced more than a dozen units of Cardiac Surgery in the inner cities and capitals. He was Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of Catanduva and Faculty of Medical Sciences of UNICAMP, and is now Senior Professor at University of Campinas. Since 2002, is Chief Editor of the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, the only internationally recognized journal in the specialty in the Southern Hemisphere, including also Mexico and the Caribbean. He founded a company of cardiovascular surgery products that supplies Brazil and many other countries with supplie for the specialty.
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Professor Noedir and Professor Braile, following the example of the master, were presidents of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery. REFERENCES 1. Lima R, Lucchese FA, Braile DM, Salerno TA. A tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(5):1789-92. 2. Braile DM, Godoy MF. História da Cirurgia Cardíaca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996; 66(1):329-37. 3. Zerbini, EJ. A Cirurgia Cardiovascular no Brasil: Realizações e Possibilidades. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 2010; 25(2): 264-77. 4. Araujo CS. Dr. Zerbini o operário do coração. Bandeirante: São Paulo; 1988. p.220.
Note: Pictures belonging to the personal collection of Profs. Noedir Stolf and Domingo Braile.
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SPECIAL 100 YEARS PROFESSOR ZERBINI
TRIBUTE TO 100 YEARS OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR ZERBINI
A Tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD Ricardo Lima, MD, Fernando A. Lucchese, MD, Domingo M. Braile, MD, and Tomas A. Salerno, MD Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências MedicasSanta Casa, Porto Alegre, RS, Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, and Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120021
Omnia vincit labor. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini The development of cardiac operations in Brazil was an important event in South America. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini (pictured above) overcame every impediment to lead this endeavor. When heart surgery grew beyond just workmanship and became dependent on technology, Zerbini continued to practice advanced science in a country plagued by health and social problems. Birth and Education Zerbini was born in a modest home in the rural countryside of São Paulo State, Brazil, on May 17, 1912. Born prematurely, the infant Zerbini could fit into a shoebox. As he grew, he decided to take up medicine because of pressure from his father—an elementary school teacher of Italian origin but a naturalized Brazilian who wanted his five children to pursue high positions in life. Zerbini came to São Paulo in December 1929. He was 17 years old at the time and had graduated first in his class. Entrance into medical school required an examination; only the first 50 candidates were accepted. Zerbini ranked among the top 10. Alone in São Paulo, he knew no one well enough to share his joy of having been admitted into medical school at the University of São Paulo. At that time, the University enjoyed an excellent reputation, supported in part by the Rockefeller Foundation. Studying medicine in São Paulo was not inexpensive, even considering that tuition was free. Zerbini relieved his father’s financial burden by teaching 148
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chemistry, physics, and natural history during his first year of medical school. In 1933, Zerbini went to the “São Paulo Santa Casa de Misericordia,” one of the most fashionable teaching hospitals in Brazil, where he met the famous surgeon Alipio Correa Netto. Alipio had fought in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in the Allied campaign in Italy and was the only non-American surgeon authorized to operate on American soldiers. In Alipio, Zerbini found a mentor and source of inspiration that would guide his entire career. Circumstances led Zerbini to operate on the human thorax. At that time, the heart was still an “anatomical fiction” that could be directly viewed or touched only in the morgue. Thoracic surgeons in the 1930s ventured only near the lungs and, even then, with reservation. Pulmonary surgery, which did not involve direct intervention on the lungs, was primarily for tuberculosis. The sanatoria were full and the only hope for survival for many tuberculosis sufferers was to undergo thoracoplasty. Operating on tuberculosis patients was almost a social mission, posing grave risks for the surgeon because of the possibility of patient-to-physician contamination. Zerbini, however, never contracted the disease. Four years after graduating from medical school, Zerbini was the youngest head of a division at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo. To fill the highly coveted post of first assistant in the discipline, a position immediately below that of full professor, Dr Alipio Correia Netto could have chosen one of his longtime assistants. Surprisingly, he opted to appoint Zerbini to the position.
Lima R, et al. - A Tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD
At the age of 29, Zerbini took up the senior teaching position at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo. To this end, he studied hard for 1 year to compete for a position that normally required 5 years of preparation. He was required to take oral and written examinations on live and cadaveric operations, and to defend a thesis. The subject chosen for his lecture was supratentorial brain tumors. His score for the examination was 9.41 on a 10-point scale [1]. The clinical years On February 26th, 1942, in the “São Paulo Santa Casa de Misericórdia” hospital, Zerbini performed his first heart operation. The patient was a 6-year-old boy who had arrived at the hospital comatose. He had received a wound next to his left nipple caused by a fragment from an anvil while iron was being cast. The boy was dying from cardiac tamponade. Zerbini opened the pericardium, removed the fragment that had injured the anterior wall of the heart and ligated the damaged left anterior descending coronary artery. The case was reported in the Journal of Cardiac Surgery in 1943 in an article entitled “Coronary ligation in wounds of the heart.” While technically unremarkable by today’s standards, this operation was a tremendous undertaking given the status of cardiac surgery at that time. Zerbini’s main interest, however, remained with pulmonary surgery, which, in Brazil, was limited to thoracoplasty to treat tuberculosis. He visited Dr Evarts Graham in St. Louis, at Barnes Hospital, who had performed the world’s first pneumonectomy for lung cancer. Through the Brazil-USA Cultural Union and the Institution of International Education, Zerbini applied for a scholarship from the US State Department. He received the award on January 17, 1944, and 6 months later, went to the United States for an initial period of 1 year. At Barnes Hospital, surrounded by the leaders of his specialty at the time and having at his disposal the latest surgical technology available, Zerbini felt as if he were in another world. He encountered little competition from American residents, because most young physicians had been drafted into the Armed Forces during the Second World War. Having completed 6 months at Barnes Hospital, Zerbini moved to Boston where he remained for an additional semester under the guidance of Professor Oliver Cope at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Between July and September 1945, Zerbini visited various departments of surgery including that of Dr Alfred Blalock in Baltimore. The knowledge Zerbini brought back with him on his return to Brazil was to become the beginning of Brazilian heart surgery. Once back in Brazil, Zerbini performed the second Blalock–Taussig procedure in that country, the first onebeing performed by Domingos Pinto who had trained under Dr Charles Bailey. Zerbini also performed the first
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ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus in an 18-year-old man. He was also the first surgeon in Brazil to repair coarctation of the aorta. In 1952, he initiated the use of hypothermia to treat simple congenital problems such as atrial septal defects. Zerbini married a physician, Dirce Costa, on January 24, 1949. To learn about the new heart–lung machine, he visited Dr Lillehei with his wife and students, Adib Jatene, Delmont Bittencourt, and Geraldo Viginelli. Zerbini initiated his studies leading to the use of extracorporeal circulation in Brazil. Clinical cardiac operation using the heart–lung machine was begun by Zerbini only 1 year after the pioneering work of Dr Hugo Felipozzi, who performed the first such operation in Brazil [2]. In 1958, at the São Paulo University Hospital, Zerbini began to devote his efforts to correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. Ten years later, Zerbini became the Chair of Cardiothoracic Surgery, presenting a dissertation in which he analyzed 103 of his personal 480 Tetralogy of Fallot repairs. In 1969, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery invited Zerbini to give the honored guest lecture on the subject “The surgical treatment of Fallot complex: late results” [3]. During that time, Zerbini, who was familiar with the treatment of mitral stenosis with closed commissurotomy, learned that open mitral commissurotomy had been introduced in the United States. Applying this new technique, Zerbini presented his results of open mitral commissurotomy in a meeting in Mexico. He was criticized and told “there are things in life that it is better to enjoy with the eyes closed.” Although new “open” operations allowed for treatment of different pathologies of the heart, approximately 30% of the patients died postoperatively. Zerbini assigned the task of identifying the etiology of this high mortality to Rui Gomide. From their studies, they found that the mortality was due to acid–base disturbances caused by extracorporeal circulation. It was then that Zerbini acquired the first pH meter in Brazil. Surgical techniques for occlusive coronary artery disease began in Brazil in 1960 with the Vineberg operation being performed mainly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Within a year of Rene Favaloro performing the first direct coronary bypass at the Cleveland Clinic, Jatene began using this technique in Brazil; Zerbini, Waldir Jazbik, and Domingos de Moraes soon followed suit. In the early 1960s, the first artificial heart valves became available. Several prostheses were used during this period and Zerbini managed to import some of these valves. Adib Jatene, in the São Paulo Institute of Cardiology, manufactured a caged-ball prosthesis [4]. Also, at the São Paulo Hospital, the workshop producing heart–lung machines developed an assembly line for the manufacture 149
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of prosthetic valves. By mid-1965, 300 Brazilians were already living with implanted, Brazilian-made heart valves. Mechanical valves and the need for anticoagulation posed a special problem for a population with low socioeconomic and cultural resources. The homologous dura mater valve, introduced in 1971 by Puig, Viginelli, and Zerbini, gained quick acceptance and was used extensively at the time by surgeons throughout the country and abroad [5]. Unfortunately, the valve was subsequently discontinued because of structural defects and logistic problems. Nonetheless, the initial impetus was important in that it made possible for the development of cardiac valves in Brazil. In accordance with Zerbini’s hopes, Brazil today has several laboratories producing valves of excellent quality such as the Braile Biomédica, Biocor, Labcor, and others. The first human heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard on December 4, 1967, in Cape Town, South Africa. Zerbini learned of the transplant from newspapers the next day. Heart surgeons the world over felt personally challenged to emulate the gigantic step taken by Barnard. Zerbini, anxious to be among the first in the world to embrace this new phase of heart operations, performed the first heart transplant in Brazil on May 25, 1968, only 6 months after Barnard’s groundbreaking procedure. From then on Zerbini received national and international recognition and became a national celebrity. When it was announced that the world’s 17th heart transplant had been performed successfully in Brazil, an atmosphere of civic joy was generated, and Zerbini became a national idol. He was honored by ordinary people, official bodies, state governors, and the President of Brazil. On September 26, 1968, Zerbini successfully performed his second heart transplant. The New Phase in Cardiac Operations In his commitment to bring the latest in technology and bioengineering to Brazil, Zerbini had formed a team composed of surgeons including his wife, Delmont Bittencourt, Geraldo Verginelli, and Adib Jatene, as well as Dagoberto S. Conceição, Rubens Monteiro de Arruda, Domingo Marcolino Braile, Antonio Geraldo de Freitas Netto, Euclides Marques, Seigo Tsuzuki, Noedir Stolf, Otoni Gomes, Miguel Barbero-Marcial, Sergio Almeida de Oliveira, Luiz Boro Puig, Magnus Rosa C. de Sousa, and Ruy Gomide do Amaral (anesthesiologist) to help in advancing cardiac surgery in Brazil [6]. Initially, most of the cases were congenital heart procedures such as closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects. Acquired adult heart procedures were slower to develop. From the outset, Zerbini believed that Brazil could not afford to import all of the materials needed to develop the technology for the heart–lung machine. His disciples Domingo M. Braile, Dirce Costa Zerbini, Seigo Tsuzuki, Otoni 150
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Moreira Gomes, and Adib D. Jatene in São Paulo, interacting with Domingos J. Moraes, Waldyir Jazbik, and Marcos Cunha in Rio de Janeiro, lead Brazil to become a major center for the production of medical products for use nationally. At Zerbini’s invitation, Brazil was visited at the time by many famous surgeons. Denton Cooley noted that when he first came to Brazil in 1959, he had personally performed 500 open mitral commisurotomies; Zerbini had only begun his experience. By the time Cooley returned in 1962, he was surprised with the number of operations conducted by Zerbini. Zerbini was invited to make surgical demonstrations in various regions of Brazil and throughout South America; he took his surgical team and all necessary equipment including a blood bank with him. Doing so, he was then able to perform heart operations “away from home.” This helped disseminate and demystify heart operations to the most distant parts of the country. In 1962, for example, the city of Curitiba with Iseu Affonso da Costa at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná, and the city of Recife with Luis Tavares da Silva at the Hospital Pedro II– Federal University of Pernambuco, became the first cities outside the Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo axis where cardiac operations were performed using extracorporeal circulation. In 1963, a small city in São Paulo state, São José do Rio Preto, proved to Brazil that Zerbini’s school yielded fruits. The first center of heart surgery in a remote area of the country was created, demonstrating that the simplification introduced by Zerbini would allow most Brazilian cities to have the resources to perform cardiac operations. One of his most outstanding disciples, Professor Costabile Gallucci eventually would create the cardiovascular center at the Escola Paulista de Medicina. This institution became famous because of the work of Enio Buffolo, one of the pioneers in off-pump coronary artery operations. Once extracorporeal circulation became routine, São Paulo city continued to maintain the leadership within Brazil, becoming the source from which most Brazilian graduates of the department of surgery would originate. The volume of cardiac operations performed was impressive, attaining levels comparable to those of other major centers of in Europe and the United States. Nearly 400 Brazilian and South American heart surgeons learned their specialty from Zerbini. The Final Phase of Zerbini’s Life After mandatory retirement from the University at the age of 70, Zerbini continued to work until his death. In the last 10 years of his life his influence, prestige, and productivity continued as before. Among his legacies, perhaps the most notable in South America are the Heart Institute (INCOR) of the University of São Paulo and the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (SBCCV).
Lima R, et al. - A Tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD
Also, at São Paulo’s Portuguese Beneficient Hospital, 10 independent teams of cardiac surgeons, all former students of Zerbini, perform about six operations per team per day, representing an average of 60 operations per day, more than 1,200 operations per month, and 15,600 heart operations per year. Most likely, these teams perform the highest number of heart procedures per year in the world. Because of the impact of the first heart transplant, Zerbini was able to take advantage of the fame and political prestige that he had acquired to develop INCOR, an institute devoted exclusively to the treatment of diseases of the heart. Getting the institute to function was achieved in 1977 with the creation of the E.J. Zerbini Foundation, which transformed INCOR into a model institution whose efficiency is a paradigm in the field of health care in South America. Concerned about the union and development of cardiac surgery in Brazil, in 1970 Zerbini founded the SBCCV, of which he was the first president. This SBCCV now has more than 700 members and is responsible for board certification of cardiac surgeons. While Zerbini was still alive, the Sociedade dos Discipulos do Professor Zerbini was created. This Society continues to meet yearly honoring his teaching, honesty, and hard work. Everything that Zerbini did, he did well. He gave his all and demonstrated that serious and tenacious work never fails to bear fruit. “Omnia vincit labor” (nothing surpasses work) was Zerbini’s first and most repeated teaching to motivate his disciples with the powerful example of his own life.
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REFERENCES 1. Araujo CA. Dr. Zerbini: O operário do coração. São Paulo: Bandeirante; 1988. p.220. 2. Iseu A. Costa: História da cirurgia cardíaca Brasileira, 1st ed. São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular; 1966. p.186. 3. Zerbini EJ. The surgical treatment of the complex of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1969;58(2):158-77. 4. Zerbini EJ, Bittencourt D, Pileggi F, Jatene A. Surgical correction of aortic and mitral lesions. Results in a series of 105 patients who underwent a valvular replacement with the Starr prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966;51(4):474-83. 5. Puig LB, Verginelli G, Belotti G, Kawabe L, Frack CC, Pileggi F, et al. Homologous duramater cardiac valve. Preliminary study of 30 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1972;64(1):154-60. 6. Gomes OM, Conceição DS, Nogueira D Jr, Tsuzuky S, Bittencourt D, Zerbini EJ. Variable-column buble oxygenation. A new system for bubble oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975;69(4):606-14.
Artigo publicado originalmente no The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, volume 72(5), páginas 1789-92. 2001. Reproduzido com permissão. Copyright Clearance Center - License Date: Feb 1, 2012. License Number: 2840281196845.
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SPECIAL 100 YEARS PROFESSOR ZERBINI
TRIBUTE TO 100 YEARS OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR ZERBINI
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini - 100 years Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini - 100 anos
Ricardo C. Lima1, José Wanderley Neto2
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120022
(1912–1993)
“Operating is fun, an art, a science and does good to others” Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini The Brazilian cardiac surgery has always been one of the best in the world, with several important writers who were and still are responsible for this success. However, one of them had an outstanding participation, and his name should always remain present and remembered by all lovers of Cardiology and the Brazilian people in general. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini is his name. If he were among us, would be 100 years old on May 10, 2012. Born in
1. Head of the Department of Surgery PROCAPE / Medical Science School / UPE. Recife, Brazil. 2. Head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericordia de Maceió and Adjunct Professor of Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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Guaratinguetá, São Paulo State, Brazil, was born into a modest house in the countryside, on May 10, 1912. His birth was premature and he so small that he could fit well in a shoe box. He grew up in a family of five children and an Italian father, a naturalized Brazilian, professor of elementary school, who was responsible for his decision to study Medicine. In the Medicine School of University of São Paulo (USP), he has acquired an excellent reputation and, in 1933, at Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, met the famous surgeon Alipio Correa Netto, who became his mentor and inspiration for all his career. He graduated from Medicine in 1935 and did a specialization course in general surgery. A cardiac intervention was still rare in medicine and the heart was the taboo for surgeons. Four years after his graduation, he was indicated by Professor Alipio Correa Netto as the discipline first assistant and chief of the Division of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo. It was at Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital where Zerbini performed his first heart surgery, the patient was six years old, in state of shock, in cardiac tamponade after chest trauma. He opened the pericardium, removed the heart fragment and connected the anterior descending artery, which was injured. Although today is not the indicated procedure, the case was published in the Journal of Cardiac Surgery in 1943, having been a great contribution at the time. After one year in the United States of America (USA), Zerbini returned to Brazil and performed the second surgery, a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, followed by the first surgery of arterial canal ligation, an 18-year old man and the first surgery for aortic coarctation in Brazil. Hypothermia was introduced into the treatment of congenital heart defects, an interatrial commuinication type. But with the development of artificial heart-lung machine by Walton Lillehei, Zerbini along with his wife, Dr. Dirce Costa and the medical students Adib Jatene , Delmont Bittencourt and
Lima RC & Wanderley Neto J - Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini - 100 years
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Geraldo Verginelli go to Minneapolis, USA, to visit the service of Dr. Lillehei and learn about the early steps of the surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Zerbini initiates the use of artificial heart-lung machine only one year after the pioneering work of Hugo Felipozzi performing the first surgery with extracorporeal circulation in Brazil. In 1958, his effort begins in the treatment of tetralogy of Fallot, and ten years later, he had already had an experience of 480 patients. At that time, he was invited to minister to “Honored Guest Lecture” in the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, entitled: “The complex surgical treatment of Fallot: late results.” The initial phase of open heart surgery was marked by a high mortality (30%) for different diseases. Along with Amaral Rui Gomide, identified disorders acid-base balance, caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, as the main villain, acquiring the first pH meter in Brazil. In early 1960, the first artificial heart valves were created. The mechanical valves began to be produced in Brazil, initiated by Adib Jatene, however, these prostheses, due to their necessity of anticoagulation, represented a handling serious medical problem. In attempting to overcome this difficulty, Zerbini, Puig and Verginelli introduced a homologous dura mater biological valve in Brazil. The results were excellent and allowed its use throughout the country and also abroad. Although the solution regarding anticoagulation have been resolved, this valve had technical and logistical problems, having been discontinued, and then the bovine pericardial and pig valves were presented, made by several laboratories around the country. In the late ’60s, the world received news of great impact related to the first heart transplant performed in South Africa by Christiaan Barnard. Shortly after only five months Barnard had done his deed on May 25, 1968, Zerbini
performed the 17th heart transplant in the world (Figure 1), and on September 26 of that year, he successfully performed his 2 ° transplant surgery. Zerbini had a great recognition of all of Brazilian society, becoming a true idol, and has also been honored by the governments at various levels, medical societies and the common citizens. The Brazilian cardiac surgery arises from a series of important events, having several surgeons of great prestige abroad coming to Brazil and also being recognized the pioneering and amazing work undertaken by Zerbini and his group. Denton Cooley was one of the surgeons who came to Sao Paulo more than once, visiting the service of Professor Zerbini. This also led to an internal development, in which Curitiba and Recife were the two Brazilian cities to perform open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation outside Sao Paulo-Rio axis. The internalization of cardiac surgery was also performed by one of his disciples, Professor Domingo Braile, which successfully implanted in 1963 a cardiac surgery service in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo. Also, one of the foremost disciples of his, Professor Gallucci Costabile, created the center of cardiac surgery at Paulista Medicine School, UNIFESP, which became famous worldwide as a result of the work of Professor Ernie Buffolo in coronary surgery without the aid of extracorporeal circulation. Two great legacies left by Zerbini were the creation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (BSCVS) and the Heart Institute of São Paulo (INCOR). The BSCVS is an active society, with over 1,000 members, which conducts a large annual conference, presenting important works of scientific relevance, and is responsible for certifying the title of specialist in cardiovascular surgery. The BSCVS also has the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (BJCVS), considered the best publications in the area throughout Latin America, but also it has the recognition of the international scientific community with its indexing in Medline. Recently, BJCVS had received from ISI Thomson Reuters its first Impact Factor (IF). The index of 0.963 was highly significant in the case of an initial assessment, according to its chief editor, Prof. Domingo Braile. The INCOR is directly connected to the University of São Paulo, responsible for training of human resources quality in the medical / cardiology area and also with a scientific production of high quality, with numerous publications in national and international journals (Figure 2). The other great legacy left by Professor Zerbini was the ability of Brazilian heart surgery find their own path to survival, creating and developing their own technology. Several prominent names in Brazilian cardiac surgery contributed to the seed planted by Zerbini, including: Delmont Bittencourt, Geraldo Verginelli, Adib Jatene, Dagoberto Conceição, Rubens Arruda, Domingo Braile,
Fig. 1 - Dr. Zerbini and his staff conducting the 1st heart transplant in 1968
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Fig. 2 - The Heart Institute (INCOR) was one of Dr. Zerbini legacies
Fig. 3 - Dr. Zerbini in a classroom
Antonio Freitas Netto, Euclides Marques, Seigo Tsuzuki, Noedir Stolf, Otoni Gomes, Miguel Barbero-Marcial, Sérgio Almeida de Oliveira, Luiz Boro Puig, Magnus Rosa de Souza, Ruy Gomide do Amaral, Domingo Junqueira de Moraes, Waldir Jazbik and Marcos Cunha. Today, many genuine Brazilian industries are in operations in Brazil, producing for the domestic and foreign markets, including: Biocor, Labcor, DMG and Braile Biomédica. The products offered by these industries supply the national market of cardiac surgery. All Zerbini did was good. He was a hard worker, being recognized by his disciples and leading the BSCVS to create the award entitled: “The worker of the Heart”, because that was the way he considered himself. He would often repeat: “Omnia vincit labor” - nothing resists work. He worked until the last days of his life, always concerned with the transmission of knowledge in cardiology (Figure 3) [1-6]. After retiring from his academic career, stayed active and active working in his private service at Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo, and traveling the whole country teaching and motivating people to continue
their work. It was his great contribution to the introduction of heart transplants in the North and Northeast. His last appearance was in scientific events in Maceió at the Ninth Meeting of the Disciples of Prof. Zerbini in August 1992 (Fig. 4). It was the year he completed 80 years of life and participated with enthusiasm and vigor of the entire scientific program and social activities. It was his last concert. More than one doctor he was an artist who captivated and charmed everyone. Months later came the illness which kept him out of us physically. His ideas remained and support us.
REFERENCES 1. Araujo CA. Dr. Zerbini: O operário do coração, 1st ed. São Paulo, Brazil: Bandeirante; 1988. p.220. 2. Iseu A. Costa: Historia da cirurgia cardíaca Brasileira, 1ª ed. São Paulo, Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular; 1966. p.186. 3. Zerbini EJ. The surgical treatment of the complex of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1969;58(2):158-77. 4. Zerbini EJ, Bittencourt D, Pileggi F, Jatene A. Surgical correction of aortic and mitral valve lesions. Results in a series of 105 patients who underwent a valvular replacement with the Starr prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966;51(4):474-83. 5. Puig LB, Verginelli G, Belotti G, Kawabe L, Frack CC, Pileggi F, et al. Homologous dura mater cardiac valve. Preliminary study of 30 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1972;64(1):154-60.
Fig. 4 - Prof. Zerbini and Prof. Ricardo Lima honor Prof. Mauro Alvarez, ex- Prof. Zerbini resident, a pioneer in the north-northeast of modern cardiovascular surgery, during the IX Meeting of the Disciples of Prof. Zerbini, held in Maceió, August 1992
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6. Gomes OM, Conceição DS, Nogueira D Jr, Tsuzuky S, Bittencourt D, Zerbini EJ. Variable-column buble oxygenation. A new system for buble oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975;69(4):606-14.
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
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SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CIRURGIA CARDIOVASCULAR BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY E-mail: revista@sbccv.org.br Sites: www.scielo.br/rbccv www.rbccv.org.br
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Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2012;27(1):155-9
Rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction Ruptura da parede livre do ventrículo direito após infarto do miocárdio
Rômulo César Arnal Bonini1, Vladimir Quiroga Verazain2, Ricardo M. Mustafa2, Yuri Neumman3, Margaret Assad4, Henrique E. Issa5, Ureliano Cintra6, Jair J. Golghetto7
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120023
RBCCV 44205-1364
Abstract Patient, 75 years-old, with free wall rupture of the right ventricle, corrected with prolene 3.0 points anchored in bovine pericardium patch, promoting the closure of the rupture. The patient was discharged on the 59th day after surgery in good clinical ans laboratorial conditions.
Resumo Paciente de 75 anos, com ruptura da parede livre do ventrículo direito, corrigida com pontos de prolene 3.0 ancorados em tira de pericárdio bovino, promovendo o fechamento da ruptura. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 59º dia de pós-operatório, em boas condições clínicas e laboratoriais.
Descriptors: Aneurysm, ruptured. Heart rupture, postinfarction/surgery. Myocardial revascularization. Anterior wall myocardial infarction.
Descritores: Aneurisma Roto. Ruptura cardíaca pós-infarto/ cirurgia. Revascularização miocárdica. Infarto miocárdico de parede anterior.
1. PhD in Sciences at Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of the at Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo; Head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente and Professor at Presidente Prudente Medical School, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. 2. Cardiovascular Surgeon at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente; Professor at Presidente Prudente Medical School, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. 3. Cardiologist at Department of Cardiovascular surgery at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil. 4. Cardiologist at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente and Coordinator of the Discipline of Cardiology at Presidente Prudente Medical School, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. 5. Interventionist cardiologist at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Head of the Cardiology Department of the Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente; Professor at Presidente Prudente Medical School, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
6. Cardiologist and Echocardiographist at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. 7. Head of the Coronary and Postoperative Unit at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. This study was carried out at Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Hospital Regional de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Correspondence address: Rômulo César Arnal Bonini Rua Winston Churchill, 234 – apto 1402 – Jardim Paulistano Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil – Zip Code 19013-710 E-mail: romulobonini@terra.com.br Article received on August 26th, 2011 Article accepted on December 12th, 2011
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Bonini RCA, et al. - Rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction
Abbreviations, acronyms and abbreviations CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass LVR Left ventricular free wall rupture
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al. [9], Basarici et al. [10], and De Gennaro et al. [11] as septal rupture associated with right ventricular wall dissection. In other situations other than myocardial infarction, Niclauss et al. [12] described the right ventricular rupture as a result of medistinitis. CASE REPORT
INTRODUCTION The cardiac rupture was described by William Harvey in 1647 [1]. In 1850, Joseph Hodgron established the relationship between the cardiac rupture and obstructive coronary heart disease [2]. With high mortality, the natural history of this disease began to change with the first reports of successful surgical correction, performed by Hatcher et al. [3] (1970), and FitzGibbon et al. [4] (1971). Among the mechanical complications of myocardial infarction, rupture of ventricular free wall is the most serious, with an incidence of 10% in the left ventricle [5]. Regarding the evolution time, the acute form is characterized by sudden rupture and massive hemorrhage into the pericardial cavity, followed by death in most cases. In some patients, however, bleeding into the pericardium may be slow and repetitive, with thrombus formation between the epicardium and the pericardial cavity, which contains the bleeding. In such situations, cardiac rupture is called subacute, and the patient can survive for hours or days, which opens the possibility for eventual surgical intervention with success [6-8]. The rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction is a rare entity, reported by Soriano et
75-year-old male patient, caucasian, went to the emergency room of the Hospital Regional of Presidente Prudente - S達o Paulo - Brazil, complaining of progressive dyspnea for one week, that worsens with exertion, and edema of lower limbs for 2 days. Physical examination revealed the following: in regular condition, pale, hydrated, no fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, and cyanosis of the extremities (2+/4+). Blood pressure: 90 x 70 mmHg, heart rate: 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate: 25 breaths per minute. On cardiac auscultation, heart sounds were hypophonetic, rhythm without murmurs in two stages. On lung auscultation the vesicular murmur was present, with reduced bases with bilateral wheezing. The abdomen was distended and tense, painless on palpation. Lower limbs were swollen (2+/4+). The chest x-ray showed an enlarged cardiac silhouette, and blurring of the left costophrenic angle. The electrocardiogram showed ST segment supraunleveling in leads from V1 to V4 of 2 mm. The cardiac enzymes (creatinine phosphokinase - CPK, CPK-MB, and T/I troponin) were within the normal pattern. The transthoracic echocardiography showed rupture of the right ventricular free wall of 4 mm in diameter, without the Doppler flow signals. There was also signs of pericardial effusion with tamponade, major segmental dysfunction (ejection fraction 30%) of the left ventricle with anteroapical
Fig. 1 - Chest radiography, preoperative echocardiography aspect and intraoperative imaging of the rupture
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aneurysm and thrombus. The mitral valve showed mild/ moderate reflux, and left ventricular diastolic diameter was 76 mm. Figure 1 shows the chest X-ray, and echocardiographic and intraoperative spect of the rupture. The coronary angiography showed proximal occlusion of the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery. Surgery was indicated, immediately after diagnosis. The patient was referred to the operating room, underwent median thoracotomy by sternotomy, and hematic pericardial effusion was found in large quantities, and the presence of clots in the anterior wall of the right ventricle along the anterior interventricular artery, with tamponationof the right ventricle rupture, with no signs active bleeding at the time. We perfomed systemic heparinization of 4 mg/kg, cannulation of the ascending aorta and right atrium with a single dual-stage cava, installation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with hypothermia at 33°C. After stabilization of CPB, we performed aortic clamping, isothermal blood cardioplegia - administered antegradely every 20 minutes. We remove all adherent clots in the heart and visualize the orifice of the right ventricle rupture. The left ventricular aneurysm was approached by longitudinal incision over the anterior interventricular artery. After its opening, we observed a thrombus with recent aspect with diameters of 6 x 6 cm, which was removed. The septal wall was pale and friable, unlike the left ventricle lateral wall that had aspect of viable tissue. We corrected the rupture of the right ventricle through the septum using prolene 3.0 stitches anchored in bovine pericardium patch, promoting the closure of the right ventricle rupture. After, we performed the correction of the aneurysm using a technique similar to that proposed by Braile et al. [13] in 1991, and presented by Silveira Filho et al. [14] in 2011. We use a circular patch of bovine pericardium, excluding fibrotic septal wall to reconstruct the left ventricle (“endoventricular circular plasty”), in order to maintain a more physiological cavity. We also peformed revascularization of proximal left anterior interventricular branch using aortocoronary graft from left saphenous vein (Figure 2). We established patient rewarming at 37°C, removal of air cavities, unclamping of the aorta after 102 minutes, and after return of heart rate and hemodynamic stability with dobutamine (5mg/kg/min) we disconnected cardiopulmonary bypass after 135 minutes. We reviewed the plans for hemostasis and synthesis. Patient was hemodynamically stable on dobutamine until the 3rd postoperative day, where he was extubated. Presented with sternal wound dehiscence and mediastinitis on the 10th postoperative day and underwent resuture wound with antibiotic therapy and
maintained for 21 days. The 30-days control echocardiogram revealed a reduction of the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter to 55 mm, improved ejection fraction (49%), mild mitral valve insufficiency, as well as closure of right ventricular rupture successfully. The patient was discharged on the 59th postoperative day in good clinical and laboratory condition. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Universidade do Oeste Paulista, No. 002/RC on 01/10/2010.
Fig. 2 – Final surgical aspect
DISCUSSION Knowledge of disease progression is needed to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis. Due to the rapid deterioration of these patients, there is a mortality rate of 50-80% in the first week, if not treated. With surgical repair, patients can extend survival to five years to 65% 5. Some authors claim that the myocardial rupture focuses preferentially on singlevessel disease patients. Others suggest the prevalence of triarterial coronary atherosclerosis disease [15]. Abreu Filho et al. [6] found that 33.8% of patients had single vessel coronary artery disease and Sá et al. [8] found that 66.7% of patients with ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction had one-vessel disease. The anterior myocardial wall is mentioned by several authors as the most likely to suffer ruptura [7], however, authors such as Padró et al. [16] argue that cardiac rupture 157
Bonini RCA, et al. - Rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction
may also occur in any region of the left ventricle, other authors observed higher incidence of rupture in lateral ventricular wall (44%) [14]. Probably the increased stress on the myocardium lateral wall, resulting from the contraction of the two papillary muscles adjacent to the mitral valve, may facilitate the onset of rupture. Many patients with myocardium free wall rupture die suddenly, often even without a diagnosis. Abreu Filho et al. [6] observed 98 (77.2%) patients in these conditions, of which only 5 (5.1%) underwent surgery with one (20%) survived. The subacute form, in turn, has more slow involvement, allowing its identification and allows for a possible surgical correction. Its exact incidence is not well established, some authors estimate in 30% the occurrence of subacute cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction. Abreu Filho et al. [6] observed that, among 127 patients, 29 (22.8%) had subacute rupture, and 19 (65.5%) underwent surgical treatment, with hospital survival of 84.2%. Satisfactory results were also obtained by other authors in the surgical treatment of subacute left ventricular rupture, with 76% hospital survival [6] . The treatment of ventricular free wall rupture is essentially surgical. Abreu Filho et al. [6] performed cardipulmonary bypass by this via in five patients with acute cardiac rupture and in six patients with subacute cardiac rupture with unstable clinical presentation. In the first series of cases, surgical correction was performed with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and infarctectomy through the affected area. In the 80’s, techniques were proposed seeking the tamponing of the rupted area, by suturing the Teflon patch on the normal subjacente myocardium [16]. With the development of biological glues, alternative procedures to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and those to avoid the infarctectomy are now used. This method has proved to be the most efficient way to control bleeding and prevent recurrence of rupture [6]. Padró et al. [16] reported treatment of 13 patients with subacute rupture of the left ventricle using this technique, with 100% long-term survival. In the case of right ventricle rupture specifically, we can observe in the literature, reports of right ventricular wall dissection [9-11] after septal rupture after myocardial infarction. However, this case demonstrates illustratively as the figures shown, it deals with right ventricular free wall rupture with intact ventricular septum. Thus, we conclude that this patient presented with myocardial infarction over a week of evolution, caused by obstruction of the proximal anterior interventricular branch, without treatment. He evolved clinically with signs of heart failure, presenting a serious complication, a little reported in the literature, that was the subacute rupture of the right ventricular free wall. 158
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REFERENCES 1. Harvey W. De Circulatio Sanguinis. Exercit 3. Citado por Morgagni GB In: The seats and causes of diseases. Trad. Benjamin Alexander. London: Letter 27;1769. p.830. 2. Reardon MJ, Carr CL, Diamond A, Letsou GV, Safi HJ, Espada R. Ischemic left ventricular free wall rupture: prediction, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64(5):1509-13. 3. Hatcher CR Jr, Mansour K, Logan WD Jr, Symbas PN, Abbott OA. Surgical complications of myocardial infarction. Am Surg. 1970;36(3):163-70. 4. FitzGibbon GM, Hooper GD, Heggtveit HA. Successful surgical treatment of postinfarction external cardiac rupture. Am Surg. 1970;36(3):163-70. 5. Kjeld T, Hassager C, Hjortdal VE. Rupture of free left ventricle wall, septum and papillary muscle in acute myocardial infarction. Ugeskr Laeger. 2009;171(23):1925-9. 6. Abreu Filho CAC, Dallan LAO, Lisboa LAF, Platania F, Iglezias JCR, Cabral RH, et al. Tratamento cirúrgico da rotura de parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo após infarto agudo do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2002;17(1):6-12. 7. Dallan LA, Oliveira SA, Abreu Filho C, Cabral RH, Jatene FB, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, et al. Rotura cardíaca após infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM): uma complicação passível de correção cirúrgica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1993;8(4):272-81. 8. Sá MP, Sá MV, Barbosa CH, Silva NP, Escobar RR, Rueda FG, et al. Clinical and surgical profile of patients operated for postinfarction interventricular septal rupture. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(3):341-9 9. Soriano CJ, Pérez-Boscá JL, Canovas S, Ridocci F, Frederico P, Echanove I, et al. Septal rupture with right ventricular wall dissection after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005;3:33. 10. Basarici I, Erbasan O, Kemaloglu D, Arslan G, Bayezid O. Exceptional ventricular septal rupture associated with intramyocardial dissection throughout the right ventricle. Echocardiography. 2010;27(4):460-5. 11. De Gennaro L, Brunetti ND, Ramunni G, Buquicchio F, Corriero F, De Tommasi E, et al. Septal rupture with right ventricular wall dissecting haematoma communicating with left ventricle after inferior myocardial infarction. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(6):477-81. 12. Niclauss L, Delay D, Stumpe F. Right ventricular rupture due to recurrent mediastinal infection with a closed chest. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;10(3):470-2.
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13. Braile DM, Mustafá RM, Santos JLV, Ardito RV, Zaiantchick M, Coelho WMC, et al. Correção da geometria do ventrículo esquerdo com prótese semi-rígida de pericárdio bovino. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1991;6(2):109-15.
15. Schwarz CD, Punzengruber C, Ng CK, Schauer N, Hartl P, Pachinger O. Clinical presentation of rupture of the leftventricular free wall after myocardial infarction: report of five cases with successful surgical repair. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;44(2):71-5.
14. Silveira Filho LM, Petrucci O, Vilarinho KAS, Baker RS, Garcia F, Oliveira PPM, et al. Prótese rígida de pericárdio bovino para remodelamento ventricular esquerdo: 12 anos de seguimento. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2011;26(2):164-72.
16. Padró JM, Mesa JM, Silvestre J, Larrea JL, Caralps JM, Cerrón F, et al. Subacute cardiac rupture: repair with a sutureless technique. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55(1):20-3.
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Acute aortic insufficiency due to avulsion of aortic valve comissure Insuficiência aórtica aguda por avulsão de comissura valvar aórtica
Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha1, Paulo César Santos2, Fernando Antibas Atik3, Daniel Oliveira de Conti4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120024
RBCCV 44205-1365
Abstract A 66-year-old male patient, prior hypertension, a history of orthopnea, palpitations and chest pain of sudden onset, which was diagnosed as spontaneous avulsion of aortic valve commissure and consequent aortic insufficiency progressing to acute left heart failure refractory to medical treatment. The patient underwent early surgical replacement of the aortic valve by a bioprosthesis, and presented satisfactory postoperative course. Currently, four years after the event, he is still in attendance in functional class I.
Resumo Paciente do sexo masculino, de 66 anos, previamente hipertenso, com história de ortopneia, palpitações e dor precordial de início súbito, que teve o diagnóstico de avulsão espontânea de uma comissura valvar aórtica e consequente insuficiência aórtica aguda, evoluindo com insuficiência cardíaca esquerda refratária ao tratamento clínico. O paciente foi submetido precocemente à substituição cirúrgica da valva aórtica por uma bioprótese, e apresentou evolução pós-operatória satisfatória. Atualmente, quatro anos após o evento, continua em acompanhamento ambulatorial em classe funcional I.
Descriptors: Aortic valve insufficiency. Heart valve diseases. Cardiac surgical procedures.
Descritores: Insuficiência da valva aórtica. Doenças das valvas cardíacas. Procedimentos cirúrgicos cardíacos.
INTRODUCTION Acute aortic regurgitation (AR), although uncommon, is associated with poor prognosis if not diagnosed and treated early. It is most often caused by bacterial endocarditis, aortic dissection or blunt chest trauma [1]. Another mechanism is the fenestration rupture of a valve, or the avulsion of the commissures of the aortic wall [2]. The objective of this study is to report a case of avulsion
1. Cardiovascular Surgeon, Cardiology Institute of the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil and Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. 2. Cardiovascular Surgeon, Doctor of Science - Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. 3. Cardiovascular Surgeon, Chief of Cardiac Surgery - Cardiology Institute of the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil. 4. Cardiovascular Surgeon, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Study conducted at Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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of the aortic valve commissures associated with hypertensive crisis triggered by emotional stress which was treated surgically. CASE REPORT Male patient, 63 years old, previously healthy, with a history of poorly controlled hypertension, presented sudden intense chest pain, breathlessness and palpitations
Correspondence address Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha Av. Pará, 1720 – Campus Umuarama – Uberlândia, MG Brasil – Zip Code 38405-382 E-mail: claudiorcunha@hotmail.com
Article received on October 4th, 2011 Article accepted on January 15th, 2012
Cunha CR, et al. - Acute aortic insufficiency due to avulsion of aortic valve comissure
Abbreviations , acronyms & symbols CKMB IAo
MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase aortic insufficiency
associated with duration of about two hours, which improved spontaneously. These initial symptoms were related to strong emotional stress (patient was the victim of a robbery). In the days that followed, he evolved with dyspnea at rest and orthopnea, which urged him to seek medical attention. Negative symptoms for fever, infection, previous history of rheumatic disease and family history of cardiovascular disease. Upon admission to the emergency room, the patient was in good general condition, conscious, presenting tachycardia and tachypnea. The heart rate was present and symmetrical, with normal amplitude. Blood pressure was measured in the upper limb presenting 140 x 50 mmHg. Cardiac auscultation revealed a regular heart sounds at three times, with a diastolic murmur 2 + / 4 in the aortic area radiating to the mitral area. Pulmonary auscultation revealed bilateral vesicular murmur and symmetrical, with subcrepitant rales over bases. Upon inspection it was observed intercostal retractions. Chest radiography revealed a slight increase in heart size related to left ventricular and pulmonary congestion. The serum levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CKMB) were 12 U / L (0-25 reference U / l) and troponin T of 0.6 ng / ml (reference to 1 ng / ml). Echocardiographic evaluation revealed the presence of important AF secondary to failure of coaptation of the left coronary and noncoronary valves. The left ventricle had slight concentric hypertrophy (septal thickness of 11 mm and posterior wall of 9 mm), with dimensions (53 x 38 mm) and function (ejection fraction 73%) normal. The ascending aorta presented normal diameter (35 mm). After the diagnosis, surgical treatment was indicated and initiated clinical treatment with furosemide, sodium nitroprusside and dobutamine, until the start of coronary angiography. Coronary angiography showed no obstructive coronary lesions. After coronary angiography, the patient was referred for surgery, not showing improvement with clinical treatment. The operation was performed through median sternotomy. The heart was of normal size and there was no hemopericardium or hematoma in the ascending aorta. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted through cannulation of the ascending aorta and right atrium and conducted in moderate hypothermia (32°C). Myocardial protection was achieved by intermittent cold blood cardioplegia 4:1 via antegrade and retrograde every 15 minutes. Access to the aortic valve was obtained by
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oblique anatomy, which revealed the ascending aorta and sinuses of Valsalva of normal diameter and appearance. The three aortic valves were apparently intact, but the valve commissure between the coronary and left coronary artery was not detached (Figure 1).
Fig. 1 - Photographic documentation of intraoperative showing the apparently normal-looking aortic valve, but with avulsion of the commissure between the left coronary cusp and noncoronary cusp (black arrow). NC - non-coronary valve; E - left coronary cusp; D - right coronary cusp
The performance of valvuloplasty with resetting of the commissural post in its anatomical position is considered. However, the surgeon’s option was for valve replacement with bovine pericardial bioprosthesis with Labcor ® support, fearing limited durability of the plasty. The CPB time was 50 minutes and anoxia time for 38 minutes. The pathology of the aortic valve was consistent with myxomatous degeneration. The postoperative recovery was satisfactory, without complications and the patient was discharged on the seventh day. The postoperative echocardiogram showed normal functioning of the aortic bioprosthesis with preservation of ventricular function. After four years of aortic valve replacement, the patient remains asymptomatic with ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring. DISCUSSION The AF secondary to acute avulsion of the aortic valve commissures is a rare event, but poses some challenges in its use. 161
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The first challenge relates to the diagnostic. In acute AF, the widening of pulse pressure and other peripheral signals associated with chronic AF, are often absent. Moreover, the holodiastolic murmur of chronic AF is replaced by a protodiastolic murmur little audible in acute AF [1]. Patients often have dyspnea, hemodynamic instability and shock. In acute AF following avulsion of a commissure, and the clinical presentation is nonspecific as described above, there are no other commemoratives that may assist in diagnosis, and this will then require a high degree of clinical suspicion. In the case described, the history of a stressful event and the history of untreated hypertension associated with chest pain and dyspnoea initially could suggest the hypothesis of acute coronary syndrome. Only careful clinical examination associated with echocardiography allowed accurate diagnosis. It is possible that acute stress has precipitated a sudden increase in diastolic blood pressure, which may have caused the avulsion of the aortic valve commissure of the aortic wall. Some authors [3] have described this mechanism previously. The avulsion of a commissure of the aortic valve, in most cases, is related to some anatomical predisposition, such as local atheroma, mid-cystic necrosis and syphilis [2], although it has been described in association with hypertension in anatomically normal valves [3]. In this case, the aortic valve showed anatomic substrate (myxomatous degeneration) that may have contributed to the commissural avulsion. The second challenge refers to the surgical approach. In our case, the ascending aorta and aortic valves were apparently normal at macroscopic inspection. This finding could lead the surgeon to the decision of repairing and preserving the valve. However, this decision does not seem so simple. As described above, it is common the presence of anatomical factors [4], such as cystic necrosis medium, which predispose to avulsion of the commissure and cannot be detected in a preliminary inspection. The presence of any of these factors could compromise the surgical outcome later, if the valve was preserved. Despite the small number of cases reported in the literature, some authors suggest that aortic valve replacement would be the best choice, considering the poor long-term results while preserving the valve in this context [4], compared to the consistent results of aortic valve replacement by bovine pericardium bioprosthesis [5,6]. However, there are reports showing acceptable results using the repair and preservation of the valve [7], although the safety of this technique is not known. The issue of preservation of the aortic valve, where practicable, in the treatment of other etiologies of AF is also controversial. Some authors have reported adequate late results [8], while others suggest that the preservation of the valve can produce unsatisfactory results [9]. We believe that there
are not any studies with sufficient statistical power to definitively answer this question. In conclusion, spontaneous avulsion of a commissure of the aortic valve causing importantly acute AF requires a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis, although it is rare. Surgical treatment should be given early, and valve replacement appears to be the safest option given the lack of information about the late follow-up of patients undergoing aortic valvuloplasty.
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REFERENCES 1. Stout KK, Verrier ED. Acute valvular regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;119(25):3232-41. 2. Kazuya A, Jun H, Naohito T, Kazuma M, Yutaka K. Echocardiographic and surgical findings of spontaneous avulsion of the aortic valve commissure. Circ J. 2004;68(3):254-6. 3. Aoyagi S, Fukunaga S, Oishi K. Aortic regurgitation due to non-traumatic rupture of the aortic valve commissures: report of two cases. J Heart Valve Dis. 1995;4(1):99-102. 4. Sakakibara Y, Gomi S, Mihara W, Mitsui T, Unno H, Doi T. Acute heart failure due to local dehiscence of aortic wall at aortic valvular commissure. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48(1):80-2. 5. Braile DM, Leal JC, Godoy MF, Braile MCV, Paula Neto A. Aortic valve replacement using bovine pericardial bioprosthesis: 12 years of experience. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2003;18(3):217-20. 6. De Bacco FW, Sant’Anna JRM, Sant’Anna RT, Prates PR, Kalil RAK, Nesralla IA. St Jude Medical-Biocor bovine pericardial bioprosthesis: long-term survival. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2005;20(4):423-31. 7. Shimamoto T, Komiya T, Sakaguchi G. A novel method for repairing aortic regurgitation due to commissural detachment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(5):1628-9. 8. Neves Junior MT, Pomerantzeff PMA, Brandão CMA, Grinberg M, Barbero-Marcial M, Stolf NAG, et al. Plástica da valva aórtica em pacientes portadores de insuficiência aórtica: resultados imediatos e tardios. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1996;11(3):155-60. 9. Prêtre R, Faidutti B. Surgical management of aortic valve injury after nonpenetrating trauma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56(6):1426-31.
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CASE REPORT
Simultaneous myocardial and supra-aortic trunks revascularization Revascularização simultânea do miocárdio e dos troncos supra-aórticos
Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha1, Paulo César Santos2, Fernando Antibas Atik3, Daniel Oliveira de Conti4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120025
RBCCV 44205-1366
Abstract We report the case of a 58-year-old patient, with a three vessel disease with unstable angina. Due to refractory angina, she was referred to urgent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In the preoperative evaluation were found severe obstructive lesions in the brachiocephalic trunk origin, left common carotid origin and left internal carotid artery. The patient underwent CABG, supra-aortic trunks revascularization (extraanatomic bypass) and carotid endarterectomy in the same procedure. She presented an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on the seventh postoperative day. Currently, two years after the procedure, she continues under follow-up, symptomless.
Resumo Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 58 anos com síndrome coronariana aguda, com acometimento triarterial. Em decorrência de angina refratária, foi indicada cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RM) de urgência. Na avaliação pré-operatória, foram detectadas lesões obstrutivas na origem do tronco braquiocefálico, artérias carótida comum esquerda e carótida interna esquerda. A paciente foi submetida, concomitantemente, a RM e revascularização dos troncos supra-aórticos (bypass extra-anatômico), além de endarterectomia da artéria carótida interna esquerda. A paciente teve uma boa evolução, com alta hospitalar no sétimo dia pós-operatório. Atualmente, dois anos após o procedimento, encontra-se em acompanhamento ambulatorial, assintomática.
Descriptors: Angina, unstable. revascularization. Carotid stenosis.
Descritores: Angina instável. Revascularização miocárdica. Estenose das carótidas.
Myocardial
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of significant stenosis (> 80%) of internal carotid artery in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) can reach 12% and, notoriously, is associated with the risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which varies from 11% to 18% [1]. In this situation, carotid endarterectomy before CABG or
1. Cardiovascular Surgeon at the Cardiology Institute of the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil and Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. 2. Cardiovascular Surgery at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Doctor of Science, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. 3. Cardiovascular Surgeon, Chief of Cardiac Surgery at the Cardiology Institute of the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil. 4. Cardiovascular Surgery, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Study conducted at Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
concomitant decreases the risk of stroke. The prevalence of stenosis of the supra-aortic trunks (SAT) in patients undergoing CABG is much lower, about 0.1% to 0.2% [2], but it represents a challenge regarding the definition of the strategy used in its handling. The objective of this study is to report the case of a patient with acute coronary syndrome, with triple vessel involvement, whose preoperative evaluation found
Correspondence addresss Claudio Ribeiro da Cunha Pará Avenue, 1720 – Umuarama Campus Uberlândia, MG, Brazil – Zip Code: 38405-382. E-mail: claudiorcunha@hotmail.com
Article received on October 24th, 2011 Article accepted on January 9th, 2012
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Abbreviations, acronyms and abbreviations EVA BIS LCCA ECC ECG CABG BCT SAT
Enchephalic vascular accident Bispectral index left common carotid artery Extracorporeal circulation Electrocardiogram Coronary artery bypass graft Brachiocephalic trunk Supra-aortic trunks
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There were no changes in BIS values related to the clamping of the internal carotid artery during endarterectomy or the clamping of the common carotid arteries during the anastomosis with the Dacron graft bilaterally inserted. Then, to establish cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the distal ascending aorta was cannulated in the habitual way, and also the longer extension of the Dacron Y graft (anastomosed to the carotid arteries) for arterial flow (Figure 1).
significant stenoses (80%) generated the SAT associated with 90% stenosis of the left internal carotid artery which was surgically treated. CASE REPORT Female patient, 58 years, sought medical attention with signs of chest pain radiating to the left arm, starting at home. Similar pain triggered by exercise in the last four months was reported. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST segment depression in precordial leads. The patient denied syncope, lypothymy or neurological symptoms. The patient underwent coronary angiography, which showed significant obstructive lesions in the anterior interventricular branch, diagonal and marginal left coronary artery and right coronary artery. The patient developed recurrent pain, even with optimal medical treatment, and an emergency CABG was indicated. In the preoperative evaluation, the duplex scan of carotid arteries showed an obstructive lesion greater than 75% in the left internal carotid artery, but it did not detect lesions in the origin of the left common carotid artery (LCCA), or the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT). Arteriography confirmed a 90% non-ulcerated obstructing plaque in the proximal segment of the left internal carotid artery, besides highlighting obstructive plates of about 80%, without ulceration at the origin of the ECC and the BCT. The patient underwent CABG and revascularization of SAT, and also endarterectomy of the left internal carotid artery at the same time. The operation was performed under general anesthesia, habitual hemodynamic monitoring (invasive blood pressure and central venous pressure) and monitoring of the bispectral index (BIS). At first, after heparinization with 4 mg / kg, it was performed endarterectomy of the left internal carotid artery, without the use of shunt, using saphenous vein patch for the expansion of the carotid bulb. Subsequently, both ends of a Dacron graft to 8, Y-configuration, were terminolaterally anastomosed in both common carotid approximately 2 cm above the origin. 164
Fig. 1 - Photographic documentation of the preparation for ECC. System for infusion of the ascending aorta and Dacron graft anastomosed to both common carotid arteries
Myocardial revascularization was performed with ECC in moderate hypothermia (32 째 C), and myocardial protection obtained with the infusion of blood cardioplegic solution (4:1) cold antegrade and retrograde induction every 15 minutes. Then, with a temperature of 32 째 C, the ECC blood flow was stopped in the long extension of theY Dacron graft (anastomosed to the carotid arteries) and the implant was performed using the dacron graft (Y to both carotid arteries ) in the ascending aorta (Figure 2), with terminolateral anastomosis. After that, we performed the opening of the aortic clamp, recovering the heartbeat and removing ECC. The closure of the chest was performed in the usual way, with mediastinal drainage. The cervicotomies were closed without the use of drains. In the immediate postoperative period, after extubation, antiaggregation was initiated with acetylsalicylic acid. The patient had a good postoperative evolution, regarding both hemodynamic and neurologic aspects. She was discharged on the seventh day after surgery. Currently, two years after surgery, the patient is receiving outpatient treatment, showing no symptoms.
Cunha CR, et al. - Simultaneous myocardial and supra-aortic trunks revascularization
Fig. 2 - Photographic documentation of the perioperative period. ATIEâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Left internal thoracic aorta; PS-CD - saphenous vein graft to right coronary artery; CD - Dacron graft anastomosed to the right common carotid artery; CE - Dacron graft anastomosed to the left common carotid artery
DISCUSSION The presence of significant obstructive atherosclerotic disease of SAT in patients undergoing CABG is quite uncommon (0.1% to 0.2%), but it represents a formidable challenge when defining the surgical approach. The problem is that these patients present greatest risk for neurological events. In the literature, there is not any appropriate casuistry to examine this outcome in this population. Thus, the possible increased risk for neurological events is extrapolated from series of patients undergoing CABG and who have obstructive atherosclerotic disease in the internal carotid artery, subjected the brain low flow in the pre-and postoperative period. In these patients, endarterectomy performed simultaneously [3], or even preceding [4] CABG is associated with low incidence of neurological events. The present patient had significant stenosis (approximately 80%) at the origin of the LCCA and BTC associated with stenosis of the left internal carotid artery but no symptoms related to these obstructions were observed. The treatment of obstructive diseases of SAT is indicated, in most cases, in symptomatic patients. However, critical stenosis (greater than 80%) [5] in cases where the patient is subjected to sternotomy for other reasons, the treatment is recommended regardless of symptoms [6]. The particularities of the case described here is the concomitant presence of obstructive disease in two SAT, the left carotid bulb and acute coronary syndrome with an indication for emergency CABG. The decision to perform
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the bypass for both common carotids, besides endarterectomy of the left carotid artery concomitant to CABG, was made considering the indications described above. It was also considered the likely low flow in the brain in the pre-and postoperative period consequent to the sum of obstructive lesions in the origin of the SAT and the left internal carotid artery, which could result in a neurological event. Following these principles, the SAT and revascularization of the left internal carotid endarterectomy was performed before initializing the ECC. Thus, the brain flow during ECC was ensured by the cannulation of the Dacron graft (anastomosed to the carotid arteries) (Figure 1). Although we consider the possibility that this strategy could predispose to cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome [7] due to the function of cerebral blood flow during ECC, we chose to use it because the patient did not show reduced blood flow to the brain before the procedure, taking into consideration its asymptomatic aspects, and the low flow during ECC would represent a higher risk for a neurological event. The chosen strategy for the treatment of obstructive disease of SAT, either endovascular, transsternal or transcervical surgical, it is also controversial [6]. The endovascular management of atherosclerotic stenoses of SAT has been suggested as an option with low morbidity. However, the medium and long term outcomes of this technique seems to be inferior than the extra-anatomic bypass [8]. In addition, the patient described above, we believe that the refractory angina was a high risk factor for the realization of endovascular treatment. Surgical treatment of stenosis of SAT via cervical revascularization does not apply to all cases, besides having late results inferior than those presented to the treatment via transsternal revascularization. In addition, the patient described in this article presented a formal indication for CABG for sternotomy. The extra-anatomic bypass of SAT performed via transsternal revascularization is associated with good late results, with acceptable levels of morbidity and mortality [7-9]. In the case described in this article, the bypass of the ascending aorta was performed to both common carotid arteries inserting Dacron graft. The common carotid arteries were isolated through two lateral small interventions. The anastomosis of Dacron graft were terminolaterally performed in both carotid arteries. In the literature [9], it is recommended the section of the carotid artery and anastomosis only in those cases with symptoms consistent with embolization or when obstruction plaques are ulcerated. In conclusion, the presence of obstructive disease of SAT in asymptomatic patients undergoing CABG is unusual and requires treatment planning aimed at minimizing the risk of cerebrovascular accident, without significantly increasing 165
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the operative morbimortality. We believe that every case deserves evaluation and judgment according to its peculiarities. In the case described in this article, considering the need for urgent CABG, we believe that the best option was performing CABG and revascularization of SAT at the same time via transsternal revascularization associated with the endarterectomy of the left internal carotid artery.
3. Souza JM, Berlinck MF, Oliveira PAF, Ferreira RP, Mazzieri R, Oliveira SA. Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio associada a endarterectomia de carótida. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 1995;10(1):43-9.
REFERENCES 1. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Edwards FH, Ewy GA, Gardner TJ, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery; American Society for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committe to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):e213-310. 2. Takach TJ, Reul GJ, Duncan JM, Krajcer Z, Livesay JJ, Gregoric ID, et al. Concomitant brachiocephalic and coronary artery disease: outcome and decision analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80(2):564-9.
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4. Santos PC, Fabri HA, Cunha CR, Martins CAC, Shinosaki JSM, Neves AS, et al. Endarterectomia de carótida em paciente acordado. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2006;21(1):62-7. 5. Takach TJ, Reul GJ Jr, Cooley DA, Livesay JJ, Duncan JM, Ott DA, et al. Concomitant occlusive disease of the coronary arteries and great vessels. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(1):79-84. 6. Tracci MC, Cherry KJ. Surgical treatment of great vessel occlusive disease. Surg Clin North Am. 2009;89(4):821-36. 7. Torgovnick J, Sethi N, Arsura E. Síndrome de hiperperfusão (pós-operatória) após três semanas da endarterectomia de carótida. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2007;22(1):116-8. 8. Modarai B, Ali T, Dourado R, Reidy JF, Taylor PR, Burnand KG. Comparison of extra-anatomic bypass grafting with angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the supra-aortic trunks. Br J Surg. 2004;91(11):1453-7. 9. Taha AA, Vahl AC, de Jong SC, Vermeulen EG, van der Waal K, Leydekkers VJ, et al. Reconstruction of the supra-aortic trunks. Eur J Surg. 1999;165(4):314-8.
SPECIAL COMMUNICATION
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Children’s HeartLink honors Brazil in the United States of America Children’s HeartLink homenageia Brasil nos Estados Unidos da América
Ulisses Alexandre Croti1, Lilian Beani2, Domingo Marcolino Braile3, Joseph A Dearani4
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120026
RBCCV 44205-1367
The partnership between the American Foundation Children’s HeartLink (CHL) and the Department of Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital de Base (FUNFARME) - School of Medicine Regional São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) continues to evolve and bearing fruit [1]. In 2011, there were two visits with teams consisting of surgeons, anesthetists, physiotherapists, nurses and members of the CHL, with several operations, conduct discussions and integration of teams, directly reflected in a change of vision and local behavior. A third specific nursing and physical therapy visit also had very positive impact on our team. At each visit, integration reflects a visible growth! Alongside this integration, the service continued to advance in the share of global database based on RACHS risk score, called Quality Improvement Collaborative International Congenital Heart Surgery (IQIC team), led by Dr. Kathy Jenkins, of the Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School [1,2]. The IQIC team has given classes monthly via the Internet to our team of São José do Rio Preto, during the years 2010 and 2011. These lessons have been translated and adapted to our reality by Professor Adília Maria Pires Sciarra by pediatric cardiovascular surgeon Ulisses Alexandre Croti and nurse Sirley da Silva Pacheco, being
given by our nurses to nursing technicians and the support staff of the Service. Dr. Kathy Jenkins signed the permission to use the copyright for teaching materials, allowing that all of these classes were used in Brazil and thus we could transmit them not only to our staff but also have them available to other centers interested (Figure 1). The foundation CHL, responsible for all this help in our environment is maintained by money from some events, donations from individuals and companies, for example, the Medtronic Foundation (http:// www.childrensheartlink.org). In this context, in 2011 we were invited to visit the Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA, under the care of Dr. Joseph A. Dearani, and the Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, with Dr. David Overman, both services entirely focused on the treatment of congenital heart disease. Those were days of much learning and opportunity to observe how these teams work, each with its own characteristics, but both with a concern that caught our attention: they wanted us to understand the importance of focusing on the patient first, as main reason for our work. They have made clear that for this to become feasible, it is first necessary human resources, highly trained people,
1. Professor Lecturer. Chief of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery of São José do Rio Preto - Hospital de Base – FUNFARME/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto. SP, Brazil.
4. Head of Cardiovascular Surgery at Mayo Clinic and Children’s HeartLink Medical Director, Rochester, MN, USA.
2. Pediatrician in the Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery of São José do Rio Preto - - Hospital de Base – FUNFARME/ FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto. SP, Brazil. 3. Dean of the Graduate School of Medicine Regional of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP). Chief Editor of the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, São José do Rio Preto. SP, Brazil.
Correspondence address Ulisses Alexandre Croti. Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5544 – Sala 7 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil – Zip Code 15090-000 E-mail: uacroti@uol.com.br, uacroti@cardiol.br Article received on January 8th, 2012 Article accepted on March 2nd, 2012
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who love and believe in what they do, in addition to technology, teaching, research, and fundamentally, something sometimes lacking in our country, proper management of the entire complex structure involved in the treatment of congenital heart disease. Another important motivation for the invitation to Minneapolis was the event called HeartLink Gala, which took place on September 16, 2011. The HeartLink Gala is a dinner gala with the intention to raise funds in order to the foundation continue running their projects in different countries with which it has partnership. The event was held at the Hilton Hotel in Minneapolis, MN, USA. It had as honorary presidents Theresa and Richard Davis, president and CEO of U.S. Bank, and as guests of honor, Ulisses Alexandre Croti and Lilian Beani, doctors at the Hospital de Base, representing Brazil in partnership with the CHL. It was a night with numerous honors to the culture and customs of Brazil and attended by approximately 800 guests and raised $780,000 dollars in donations that single night, according to reported publicly by the Foundation’s website (http://www.childrensheartlink.org).
In this event, we had the opportunity to read a speech prepared in advance, which is transcribed below (Figure 2). We believe that with this solid, lasting relationship, introduction of new protocols, and, somehow, the “internationalization of the team,” we are on the right track of quality improvement in patient care in our center and hope in the near future to serve as a model for other centers in the country who want to organize and evolve in the care of children with heart disease. The following is the full speech: Speech Friday, September 16, 2011
Good evening, Ladies and gentlemen, friends of Children’s HeartLink, its collaborators and volunteers. I am very honored and proud to be here with you all! I would like to say so many special things and thank each one of you, who have given us such a warm welcome in this wonderful city, in such a grand Country that has helped us so much. I would also like to be able to give lectures as a good speech, but unfortunately I don’t have the gift. Therefore, I will do as a former Brazilian vice-president once said: “Speeches must be like the skirt of a woman: 168
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not too short so as to shock us and not too long so as to make us sad”. Therefore, I will say a few words that might translate our feelings, sharing the work Children’s HeartLink has carried out in Brazil. First of all, I shall say that my wife Lilian and I have been fortunate enough to have been born into families that were able to provide us an education. We belong to a small group in the population of two hundred million living in Brazil. We are not the typical Brazilians, even though we enjoy soccer! However, we have the responsibility to work to improve our Country. This partnership and friendship with Children’s HeartLink has been a learning and improvement opportunity less fortunate children. Brazil has the Amazon, one of the largest forests worldwide, with its immense natural wealth and uncultivated land. We are the world’s largest beef, soybean and iron ore exporters. We have ethanol, made from sugar cane, used as a clean fuel source. But, above all, we are a cheerful and welcoming people. However, we do have problems! Seven percent of our population is illiterate and unfortunately over 10% of those who can read and write, are considered functionally illiterate, that is, people who are not capable of reading and understanding a text or carry on simple math calculations. The public education system is inefficient. A large number of children attend school only to have a meal, which most of the time is the only meal they are going to have throughout the day. We have severe socioeconomic problems. Although over ninety percent of the population has access to water only seventy-five percent has access to basic sanitation, with a sewage system, even though we pay very high taxes. Brazilians work about five months per year, only to pay government taxes and in spite of this, our domestic debt is very high and health care is often neglected. We are, therefore, a Country in need of education and health care! Twenty thousand children with heart defects are born every year and only a third go to surgery. As a consequence, two thirds of these children die waiting to have an operation or simply are not even able to have a medical visit at a specialized service. There are not enough specialized services, only twelve in a country as big as ours. Due to several problems inherent to the complexity involved in the treatment of children, results are often unsatisfactory and not nearly as good as those achieved in your Country. Something had to be done; you knew it and cared
about it! And so, at the end of two thousand and eight, we received a visit from Children’s HeartLink and were lucky to have been chosen for this partnership. Since then, we have experienced this wonderful opportunity which goes beyond cultural and political differences, putting down language barriers and prejudice and bringing hope to so many children and to us, health care professionals! The Children’s HeartLink staff and volunteers have simply changed our lives and those of the children we care for. Everything is done with seriousness, respect and commitment. The teams of volunteers were led by Dr. Joe Dearani and David Overman, to our hospital on four different occasions. They treated children coming from almost all Brazilian states, often from distances exceeding four thousand miles. What to say about these teams of volunteers? They are great in technical expertise and degree of knowledge. There are no doubts about the capacity of the Americans! Technical aspects such as the standardization of medications, implementation of protocols, infection control, continuous training of the staff, among several other changes which have already taken place during the partnership between the two teams, were and have been very important to improve the health care provided to these children. However, there are greater lessons and teachings! They are role models of how to visit the home of other people, with different cultures and habits, respecting everyone, with politeness and a desire to transform everything for the better, always aiming at the well- being of those less fortunate. We want to emphasize the human lessons, in regards to people, and respect to the human being! The advices for the professionals in our team to improve communication with one another, to look at the children as human beings, who need our help, and to embrace a mother at a moment of extreme pain. Motivation towards commitment, quality and safety while providing health care. Motivation for the team! Changes in our behavior! Children’s HeartLink has also enabled us to participate in the International Quality Improvement Collaborative for Congenital Heart Surgery in Developing Countries, which allows us to participate in its Database through a remote training course, via the internet, which has provided some amazing results. This is the first time a Brazilian Pediatric Cardiac 169
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Service analyzes its results so carefully and diligently. In a near future, we will have real data available which will help us improve our results in providing medical treatment to children. Children’s HeartLink is also supporting us to implement an adequate administrative management system with the Board of Directors of our hospital and with São Paulo State government for the new Children’s Hospital, which will be inaugurated next year. We believe that with this support we will be able to increase the number of children with heart disease treated at our institution as well as improve the quality of care, both from a technical and human perspective, which enables us to dream of becoming model and training center for other services in Brazil and Latin America. How can we measure everything that Children’s HeartLink has done in Brazil? It would perhaps be too simplistic to say, for instance, the wound infection rate has dropped from seventeen to four percent, show you graphics or other statistical data. These figures cannot translate the happiness of a mother holding her child after heart surgery and taking him or her back home! This mother, after nine months of pregnancy could not even dream that such an expected child would be born with a severe disease, especially a heart disease, nor could she imagine it would be so difficult to find a place for her child to be treated with quality and safety! This is what the efforts of Children’s HeartLink and its teams of volunteers translate into! So, we would like to openly thank you for this wonderful experience, which has taught us to look at every child and think: What does this child really need?
This has motivated us and we hope to be able to continue learning from your examples with your support. We would like to extend our special thanks to those of you that are here tonight. You are noble, not only because you make financial donations to help Children’s HeartLink and therefore, help make come true the dreams of hundreds of families you will probably never have a chance to meet. You are noble, because you are here for a cause, attesting the greatness and the way of thinking of American People! Perhaps, some time into the future, you will no longer remember what was said here about the importance of Children’s HeartLink, but you can be sure that the children and families receiving your help will never ever forget what you’re doing tonight! Lilian and I would like to thank you very much for this opportunity and for your patience. God bless you all!
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REFERENCES 1. Croti UA, Braile DM. Cooperação internacional no Brasil: Children’s HeartLink. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2010;25(1):VIII-IX. 2. Jenkins KJ, Gauvreau K, Newburger JW, Spray TL, Moller JH, Iezzoni LI. Consensus-based method for risk adjustment for surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(1):110-8.
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Letters to the Editor DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120027
Physiotherapy in cardiac surgery It is well known that the most common respiratory complications after cardiac surgery are related to the decrease in respiratory function and the presence of atelectasis [1]. Chest physiotherapy is widely indicated to minimize the adverse effects of cardiac surgery and immobilization along the hospital stay, such as vital capacity, functional residual capacity and the presence of atelectasis [2]. Conventional chest physiotherapy includes respiratory exercises and early mobilization of the patient. In the other hand, non-invasive ventilation is more and more used to intense respiratory therapies. However, how aggressive should physiotherapist be in the post-operative period? The study by Franco et al. [3] is very interesting and adds important information to what we know about respiratory function and physiotherapy after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to assess the influence of conventional physiotherapy and non-invasive ventilation in pulmonary function in patients after cardiac surgery. Patients randomized to conventional physiotherapy performed diaphragmatic breathing exercises in association with mobilization of low and upper limbs, clearance maneuvers, relief of cought and lung reexpansion techniques. Patients randomized to non-invasive ventilation used BiPAP in spontaneous mode for 30 minutes twice a day with inspiratory and expiratory pressures of 8-12 cmH2O and 6 cmH2O, respectively. The authors showed that, after 48 hours of cardiac surgery, the patients in the non-invasive ventilation group showed greater respiratory function (tidal volume, vital capacity, expiratory peak flow, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures) in comparison to the conventional group. Moreover, respiratory rate, the score of atelectasis, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower in non-invasive ventilation group. However, it would be important to have some data about the incidence of atelectasis, pulmonary complications and lung function along the hospital stay and follow up. Maybe the respiratory function and the incidence of atelectasis are not different along the patient’s follow up, considering non-invasive ventilation and conventional physiotherapy. Also, an especial attention must be paid to the survival. This information is very important and could imply in cost and patient’s well being [4]. This way, new trials are important to elucidate the best
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physiotherapy strategy in patients after cardiac surgery and its impact in respiratory function and survival. Vitor Oliveira Carvalho, Marcelo Biscegli Jatene Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit - Heart Institute Hospital of the Medical School of USP (InCor HC-FMUSP) - São Paulo, SP, Brazil. REFERENCES 1. Rumsfeld JS, MaWhinney S, McCarthy M Jr, Shroyer AL, VillaNueva CB, O’Brien M, et al. Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Participants of the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Processes, Structures, and Outcomes of Care in Cardiac Surgery. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1298-303. 2. Herbst-Rodrigues MV, Carvalho VO, Auler JO Jr, Feltrim MI. PEEP-ZEEP technique: cardiorespiratory repercussions in mechanically ventilated patients submitted to a coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;6:108. 3. Franco AM, Torres FCC, Simon ISL, Morales D, Rodrigues AJ. Assessment of noninvasive ventilation with two levels of positive airway pressure in patients after cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(4):582-90. 4. Carvalho VO. Phase 1 cardiovascular rehabilitation: be aggressive? J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;6:140.
Answer Dear Editor In response to the letter of Carvalho and Jatene, firstly we would like to thank their interest in our research and their opportune comments. Carvalho and Jatene pointed that some data regarding the incidence of atelectasis, pulmonary complications and lung function along the hospital stay and follow up would be interesting. In our study [1] none patient have experienced cardiac, renal, infectious or respiratory (besides atelectasis) postoperative complication. Only one patient in the conventional physiotherapy group (control group) had a minor stroke. There was no hospital mortality; however we 171
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do not have follow up data beyond 30 days of hospital discharge. The mean time in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 2.3 days for the control group and 2.2 days for those who received non-invasive ventilation (BIPAP treatment group, P=0.442). The hospital stay was 9.3 days for the control group and 7.3 days for the BIPAP group (P=0.182).We do not have data regarding respiratory function after ICU discharge, but the evolution of the patients during its post-operative period in the ward was uneventful. Social factors is the main reason for a post-operative hospital stay longer than the observed in developed countries, or even in Brazilian hospitals located in larger metropolitan areas. Regarding post-operative atelectasis, we did observed a higher incidence of more pronounced atelectasis in the control group, but the differences did not reached statistical significance, certainly due the size of our sample. However we have to consider that a level of significance below 0.5 is a convention, and we have obtained P=0.07. Therefore, the results may not have statistical significance, but certainly they have clinical relevance. However, all patients who experienced post-operative atelectasis completely recovered with additional specific respiratory therapy, mainly by means of incentive spirometry and/or intermittent positive pressure breathing through a mouth piece connected to a BirdMark 7®ventilator. Best regards, Alfredo J Rodrigues and Aline Franco - Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery - School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
REFERENCE 1. Franco AM, Torres FCC, Simon ISL, Morales D, Rodrigues AJ. Assessment of noninvasive ventilation with two levels of positive airway pressure in patients after cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26(4):582-90.
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currently in Sobral-Ceará, and would like to present the difficulties faced so far in trying to develop a Congenital Heart Disease Service. The main difficulty is the contractualization with the payment source, our National Health System and its management, which is responsible for 99% of our surgical income. We managed to begin operating newborns, implemented the service with an outpatient clinic, physical therapy, pediatric cardiology and anesthesia, suitable material, but after a few months we started, a redistribution of funds of the Departments of Health was made, and the hospitals from the capital cities were in charge of the pediatric field. But how? We were more than 500 km away in the first case, and 300 km, from the second and third cities. How can we make poor people, who barely had a place to live and feed in their homeland, travel to the capital and wait in long lines at public hospitals for a vacancy? What did we do? We continued our service did not discourage our group and continue operating patients over 12 years old, covered by the contractualization system, and the youngest ones could receive treatment through personal contacts with groups in the capital, and due to these difficulties, they created social organizations and support houses to help the system. For better or worse, we could go ahead, operating on most urgent patients receiving administratively, and also refering patients to the Services in the capital. However, these support structures, private hospitals that helped the National Health System, could not survive the delays and negligence and, we now have a new difficulty, but we will not give up. Our Service has improved; the internalization of Medicine is a reality with the graduates of the first classes of medical schools returning after internships and residencies, joining the team to continue providing the best possible care to children with congenital heart disease [1-3]. Fabiano Gonçalves Jucá, Mamede Johnson Aquino Child - Sobral, CE
REFERENCES
Congenital heart defects in the contryside of Northeastern Brazil: problems and solutions Dear Editor, I have been spending 10 years of my professional life working in the Northeast region of Brazil, initially in Barbalha-Ceará, Mossoró-Rio Grande do Norte and 172
1. Pinto Jr. VC, Daher CV, Sallum FS, Jatene MB, Croti UA. Situação das cirurgias cardíacas congênitas no Brasil. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2004;19(2):III-IV. 2. Maluf MA, Franzone M, Melgar E, Hernandez A, Perez R. A cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica como atividade filantrópica no país e missão humanitária no exterior. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(3):VIII-X. 3. Croti UA, Mattos SS, Pinto Jr. VC, Aiello VD. Cardiologia e cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica. São Paulo:Editora Roca;2008.
Letter to the Editor
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Institute name
Best wishes.
Dear Dr. Domingo,
Sincerely,
First of all, I would like to express my great gratitude to you for your kindness to publish 7 of my article in your valuable journal Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc in 2011. You have known that I strongly requested you to change my institute name when proofreading the last 3 articles. However, for the first 4 article (as listed below) have the same problems regarding my institute name.
Shi-Min Yuan, MD, PhD, Professor of Surgery & Head Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College 706 Taishan Street, Taishan District Taian 271000 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China Tel 86 538 6236328
1. Cardiac surgery and hypertension: a dangerous association that must be well known. Yuan SM, Jing H. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011 Jun;26(2):273-81. PMID: 21894419 [PubMed - in process] Book Chapter 2. Osteopontin expression and its possible functions in the aortic disorders and coronary artery disease. Yuan SM, Wang J, Huang HR, Jing H. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011 Jun;26(2):173-82. PMID: 21894406 [PubMed - in process] 3. Cystic medial necrosis: pathological findings and clinical implications. Yuan SM, Jing H. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011 Mar;26(1):107-15. Review. English, Portuguese. PMID: 21881719 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 4. The implications of serum enzymes and coagulation activities in postinfarction myocardial. Yuan SM, Jing H, Lavee J. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011 Mar;26(1):7-14. English, Portuguese. PMID: 21881705 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] .
I have to ask your kind help to change my Institute name to: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, Taian 27100, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; Corresponding Address: Shi-Min Yuan, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, 706 Taishan Street, Taishan District, Taian 271000, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China. I sincerely hope that you could do me this favor. I feel awfully sorry for this trouble that I bring to you. Thank you very much for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Dear Prof. Braile, I take this opportunity to congratulate you and ask for the publication of the Link of Editora In-Tech - Contemporary Pediatric in our RBCCV, where contributions were published in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery under the title: “Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Challenge of Skill and Creativity in Constant Search of Results “. I would like to thank you for your attention and also wish to congratulate you for “just” honor received at the Brazilian College of Surgeons. Sincerely Miguel Maluf, São Paulo-SP
Dear Prof. Maluf, We are happy to inform you that the book Contemporary Pediatrics, ISBN 978-953-51-0154-3, edited by &#214;ner &#214;zdemir has been released online. The permanent web address of your chapter entitled “Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Challenge of Skill and Creativity in Constant Search Results” can be reached by clicking on the link http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/ pediatric-cardiac-surgery-a-challenge-of-skill-andcreativity-in-constant-search-results A team of experienced publishing professionals at InTech is working hard to promote your chapter, and every day we are getting more feedback from delighted users on portals such as ResearchGATE, Facebook and LinkedIn, in addition to growing coverage, traffic, page views and 173
Letter to the Editor
downloads from specialized portals and blogs. Feedback shows that there is great interest in the books published by InTech. Members of the above portals are expressing immense gratitude to our authors for sharing their findings in Open Access publications. We hope that you are as proud as we are, and we thank you once again for participating in this worthwhile project. You can take a few simple steps yourself to help promote your publication to an even wider audience. These steps include: - Linking your chapter to your personal website or blog - Linking your chapter to your faculty / organization website - Linking your chapter to your library’s website and informing your librarian - Depositing your chapter in the repository system of your university - Sending a link to your chapter to your fellow scientists - Sending short notices about your work using Twitter or Facebook, making it visible to your LinkedIn groups or other social networks - Being interviewed by your publishing company InTech, and getting your interview published on our blog and promoted online (contact your Publishing Process Manager about an interview) - Writing a soft introduction for a wider audience, so that InTech may include it in press releases for popular science news portals We’ll be glad to help you in bringing your work to the attention of your colleagues worldwide, so please do not hesitate to contact us. We look forward to going forward with you into a bright future - a future where all scientists can harvest the benefits of sharing their ideas and connecting with their colleagues around the world. Kind regards, Ms. Sandra Bakic
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Publishing Process Manager InTech - Open Access Publisher
Prof. Paulo Pêgo receives ABC Scientific Publication Award Professor Paulo Manuel Pêgo Fernandes, a member of the Editorial Board of BJCVS, and colleagues received the VII ABC Scientific Publication Award for the work entitled “Hemodynamic effects of experimental right ventricular overload” (available at: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abc/ v96n4/en_aop01811.pdf). This work is part of the doctoral thesis of the student Flavio Brito Filho, guided by Professor Paulo Pêgo. The winning articles were selected by 30 national experts, and considered issues related to the originality and relevance of the research topic, the outline of the methodology, the impact of the results in its area of knowledge and the clarity and appropriateness of the conclusions presented. The ABC Scientific Publication Award was established in 2005 by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), with the aim of encouraging and recognizing the national scientific production in cardiology. In 2010, Professor Paulo Pêgo had already received this award for the work “Left sympathetic block by thoracoscopy in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy”.
TRIBUTE
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Luis Roberto Gerola (5/18/1960 – 12/11/2011) Luis Roberto Gerola (18/5/1960 – 11/12/2011)
Luiz Eduardo Villaça Leão1
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120028
In early 1981, I was called by Prof. José Carlos Prates to the Anatomy Laboratory of Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM). There, the Profs. Prates and Nader Wafae wanted to introduce myself a sophomore scholar of medical school studying anatomy of the heart. So, I was presented the scholar Luis Roberto Gerola, with the request that I introduce him aspects of the surgical anatomy of the heart. That day began a friendship and contact with a person of superior intelligence, dedication, unusual, brilliant thinking and enormous creativity. Since then, I had the privilege of living with a brilliant individual throughout their academic, medical and surgical life. Unfortunately, this journey was cruelly interrupted at the peak of his scientific, intellectual and professional at the age of 51. On the other hand, I thought I knew very well Gerola, but in the last three years together, I had the chance to meet another side of Luis Roberto - a tireless fighter for his life - fought so hard, endured so many complications that several sometimes seemed to “resurrect” - man against the cancer corroding his pancreas, bile duct, hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery, duodenum - fought bravely to survive and never surrendered to the disease. In this unfair fight, he won many battles - some of which often the closest friends considered him lost. Soon he was working again. A few days later he was back in the office, the surgery center. He won several of these battles, but lost the war against a treacherous, unjust and cruel enemy. After a few short periods of hospitalization, he died - as he wanted - at home, with his family on December 11, 2011. Dr. Luis Roberto Gerola was born in Leme, SP, on May 18, 1960. Son of Orlando Gerola and Leonilde Pecora Gerola, brothers Orlando Gerola Junior and Luis Fernando. When Gerola was 14 years old he moved to Limeira, alone, living in a rented room in family house, to attend the Technical College in Limeira, UNICAMP, and thus completed the College and graduated in Practical Nursing. In this condition, led to the study of biological sciences and started his learning and taste for surgery when he had the opportunity to instrument operations at the Santa Casa
RBCCV 44205-1369
de Limeira in his spare time. He said that there was born an unusual interest in medicine in general and surgery in particular. With financial difficulties and the expense of his own work, he made pre-university preparatory course, living one year (1978) in Piracicaba, SP, and others (1979) in Ribeirão Preto, SP. It was approved for FUVEST college exam in late 1979, at EPM, where he conducted medical school, from 1980 to 1985. The life of Gerola, while still academic, is impeccable, having been official monitor or student of Scientific Initiation throughout the course, from 2nd to 6th doctor
Fig. 1 - Gerola: brilliant doctor and tireless fighter for life
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Leão, LEV - Luis Roberto Gerola (5/18/1960 – 12/11/2011)
degree. He alternated his “official” monitoring (MEC) and Scientific Initiation (FAPESP) between the Anatomy and Thoracic Surgery. He always had an “official” and “voluntary” relationship, but never withdrew them. Parallel to this, to afford his housing and studies, he took several positions at the Central Laboratory at São Paulo Hospital, from plantonist to supervisor. Although academic, he wrote several studies, both as author or coauthor, helped theses and even had the audacity to publish original study, with own and unique considerations of anatomy and embryology of Anomalous Right Ventricular Band. How dare! Despite the difficulties noted above, the Gerola stood out too much - still academic - in anatomy at the Central Laboratory and Thoracic Surgery - and drew attention of all the unusual dedication, intelligence and creativity. It was evident his love for Thoracic Surgery (now we call Cardiothoracic) and it made to find our great teacher Prof. Dr. Costabile Gallucci, great catalyst for talent - not only in science, but a deep knowledge of men, their souls, their talent and ability to put each in a proper way. Professor. Gallucci agreed immediately to requests by Gerola and gave him many opportunities, especially the chance to mingle with people of the caliber of Antonio C. Carvalho (his countryman) and Enio Buffolo, among others. I was also honored, as had happened before in Anatomy – of being appointed by Prof. Gallucci as the academic advisor and then monitor Gerola and be his “Duty Chief” at Postoperative Recovery. This situation is probably the reason he was invited by Prof. Dr. Domingo Braile to write this memorial, which, more than a posthumous tribute to Luis Roberto Gerola, is a tribute to all the colleagues, friends and admirers who won, either in the EPM, the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo ( USP), the Heart Institute of Clinics Hospital (InCor) and in other hospitals where he worked as a surgeon or intensivist - all who had the privilege of living with Gerola. So, I accepted this arduous, painful and sad task in honor of Gerola and on behalf of all with whom he lived, taught, learned or admired. I write here, perhaps as an admirer of music (very frustrated) I think of Gerola as a Debussy (a classic that never fulfilled the rules) or in jazz, as Bill Evans or David Brubeck (always dissonant). Brilliance, always - it was never missed in Gerola’s life. Graduated at EPM, he chose residency in General Surgery and then Cardiac Surgery at FMUSP and InCor. He was fortunate to have as colleagues and mentors Luiz Felipe P. Moreira and Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes. During this period, Luis Roberto had particular affinity and admiration for Full Professor Sergio Almeida de Oliveira and Full Professor Luiz Boro Puig. After finishing the surgical residency, he “survived” working in postoperative clinics of both teachers and also 176
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maintained a surgical activity. Fundamental difference to mention: he not only survived financially, but at the same time produced studied of weight with both teachers - who have generated publications with an international repercussion - with Dr. Sergio Almeida e Dr. Puig. On this occasion, working with Dr. José Ernesto Succi and me, in our modest clinic, was a privilege and always the certain of a loyal, honest, sincere, responsible, dedicated, restless, and especially creative colleague. Exceptional surgeon, that combined skill, intelligence and brilliance in the surgeon’s more difficult task – the decision-making. Working and financial conditions led Gerola to seek and to have own “services’ (or with members) in Taubaté (SP) (1993-1995) and Cuiabá (1995-1996). After this period he has been greatly shaken by the sudden death of his father at the end of 1996. This point was decisive in the decisions and directions of Gerola’s life.
Fig. 2 - For about three years, Dr. Gerola fought bravely against cancer, always showing contagious optimism
Shaken by the sudden death of his father, returns to the EPM and finds, after 11 years of absence, the support of Prof. Enio Buffolo. The master’s degree was already
Leão, LEV - Luis Roberto Gerola (5/18/1960 – 12/11/2011)
complete in Anatomy. The university career, Ph.D. (Cardiovascular Surgery) and postdoctoral (FAPESP), were the natural sequence expected, and after public tender he was accepted and joined the permanent faculty of the UNIFESP-EPM, in 2002. As a lecturer in cardiovascular surgery, he was president of the Academic League, Preceptor of Residents and responsible for heart surgery in chronic dialytic patients or transplanted at the Kidney Hospital. It is important to note that throughout this period, Luis Roberto Gerola never stopped producing important collaborations. This refers primarily to arterial grafts, human valves, Ross operation, aortic homograft and ingenious techniques for repair of interventricular communication and aneurysms after myocardial infarction. I should like to not discuss such items, because they are widely available in the literature and in his curriculum and Lattes. Many of his activities, however, does not appear in the coldness of Lattes. Until the last months of his life he was working hard in partnership with Professor Helena Bonciani Nader - studying aspects of molecular biology in the endothelium of radial, internal mammary arteries - seeking explanations for the different behavior of these vessels when used in coronary artery bypass position. He intended this study became his Full Professor’s thesis, something he dreamed up his last days. Throughout many years of living, he left to all the image of “boy” - always with a smile. His victories and achievements, his disappointments were always reported with a “naughty” smile, sometimes ironic, but always conformed and optimistic. We never saw Gerola with a sad expression, hurt. In recent years, Gerola made room for his surgical “origins”: he back to work part time with Dr. José Ernesto Succi, me and our team, now enriched by Dr. Guilherme Succi; the fate decreed that when this synergy ( Gerola Guilherme) was expressed at its maximum at the peak of his
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creativity and enthusiasm, Gerola presents suddenly jaundice without apparent cause and the investigation eventually prove to be a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. For about three years, Gerola fought bravely. He continued serving in the clinics, writing papers and even operating. Throughout the long struggle against cancer, he repeatedly mocked his own situation, his sorrows, semiocclusions, diarrhea, weight loss. In recent months, several times he took leave of me in the office, saying – “I’m leaving before to go to the open-air, to eat pastel and drink sugarcane juice, so I can gain weight a little”. We talked two or three days before his death. But he did not want to talk about disease – he wanted to talk about a contest that I had examined days before, the point chosen, the class, etc. I felt he was tired, breathless. I ended the conversation saying other reason and said he would continue the conversation on Monday. There was no time, he died on the afternoon of Sunday, December 11. I received the news of his death and got me to go to the wake. In the elevator, ready to quit, I choose not to go. I had no courage to see him dead, selfish, perhaps, I preferred to save me the picture of my friend Luis always smiling. I went home, I opened a bottle of wine and I listen to music and writing. The music playing was something that really marked my youth and always reminds me of Gerola and those whose lives are cut short so early. The song is called Abraham, Martin & John (1968), music and lyrics by Richard Holler. Has anybody here seen my old friend .... ? Can you tell me where he’s gone? He freed a lot of people, but the good It Seems They Die Young. You know, I just Looked around and he’s gone. 1. Professor of Thoracic Surgery. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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