Andreas SchaeferI; Yvonne SchneebergerI; Liesa CastroI; Bjoern SillI; Yousuf AlassarI; Meike RybczynskiII; Markus J BartenI; Hanno GrahnII; Hermann ReichenspurnerI; Sebastian A PhilippIII; Alexander M BernhardtI
DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0349
ABSTRACT
Objective: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation with concomitant Dor plasty is only reported anecdotally. We herein aimed to describe our experience with LVAD and concomitant Dor procedures and describe long-term outcomes of this special subset of heart failure patients.AKI = Acute kidney injury
AV = Aortic valve
BMI = Body mass index
BTR = Bridge to recovery
BTT = Bridge to transplantation
CABG = Coronary artery bypass grafting
CF = Continuous-flow
COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPB = Cardiopulmonary bypass
CRP = C-reactive protein
CVVHD = Chronic venovenous hemofiltration
DT = Destination therapy
ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EVPP = Endoventricular patch plasty
GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
GOT = Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase
GPT = Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
HF = Heart failure
HTx = Heart transplantation
IABP = Intra-aortic balloon pump
ICD = Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICMP = Ischemic cardiomyopathy
INTERMACS = Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support
LDH = Lactic acid dehydrogenase
LV = Left ventricle
LVAD = Left ventricular assist device
LVEDD = Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter
LVE = Left ventricular ejection fraction
MCS = Mechanical circulatory support
MI = Mitral insufficiency
MV = Mitral valve
PCI = Percutaneous coronary intervention
RVAD = Right ventricular assist device
RVP = Right ventricular pressure
s/p = Status post
STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction
TAPSE = Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
Thr = Thrombus
TI = Tricuspid insufficiency
VT = Ventricular fibrillation
INTRODUCTION
Due to limited availability of donor organs for heart transplantation, implantation of intracorporal miniaturized left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) became clinical daily routine for treatment of end-stage heart failure (HF), with the number of procedures increasing annually[1,2]. HF remains the most common reason for hospital admission in the United States and Western Europe, and therefore, it can be anticipated that the number of LVAD implantations will further increase. Currently, 100% of patients in need for destination therapy, registered in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS), receive continuous-flow (CF) pumps[3,4]. These miniaturized CF pumps improve the outcome of patients with end-stage HF in terms of symptoms, hospitalization, and premature death while awaiting transplantation[5]. Patients selected for LVAD implantation usually suffer from significant comorbidities which may (e.g., renal failure and lung disease) or may not be associated with the underlying cardiac disease[6]. Especially concomitant cardiac conditions, like valve stenosis/regurgitation, coronary heart disease, or right ventricular failure, require additional procedures during LVAD implantation. Here, outcomes were reported for concomitant valve repair/replacement (aortic, mitral, tricuspid), patent foramen ovale closure, or implantation of a temporary right ventricular assist device (RVAD)[7-9]. Another precondition which may be complicating to LVAD surgery is a left ventricular aneurysm in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP) and status post (s/p) transmural myocardial infarction. Here, LVAD insertion is compounded by a thin apical myocardium, and left ventricular thrombus formation is often present[10]. To facilitate CF pump insertion and placement and to prevent thromboembolism in such cases, concomitant endoventricular patch plasty (EVPP) (Dor procedure[11]) should be taken into consideration. However, these combined procedures are only described anecdotally with documentation of acute and perioperative outcomes[12]. We herein describe our experience with combined LVAD and Dor procedures with an emphasis on long-term follow-up.
METHODS
Patients
Between January/2010 and December/2018, 144 patients received LVAD therapy for end-stage HF at our institution. Of those, five patients (5/144, 3.5%) presented with apical aneurysms and received concomitant Dor plasty during LVAD implantation. All five patients presented with ICMP, s/p ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Four patients had a history of multiple percutaneous coronary interventions and one patient underwent multiple coronary artery bypass grafting procedures.
Ventricular Assist Device Implantation and Concomitant Endoventricular Patch Plasty
In all patients, a HeartWare HVAD (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) device was implanted through median sternotomy with support of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to unload the left ventricle. After luxation of the heart, the left ventricular apex was opened. Subsequently, thrombotic material was removed, and the edge of vital myocardium was identified. Here, a reinforcing running 2-0 Prolene (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) suture buttressed with Teflon felt was performed. Simultaneously, the HVAD ring was sewed in a Vascutek (Terumo Co., Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan) or pericardial patch utilizing a running 3-0 Prolene suture. Then, the patch was attached to the neoapex with interrupted felt-pleged 3-0 Prolene sutures and the patch was furthermore secured by a subsequent performed running 2-0 Prolene suture comprising transmural stitches of vital myocardium. Further procedural steps followed institutional routines including HVAD pump insertion and alignment, tunneling of the driveline, and attaching of the outflow graft to the ascending aorta. Crucial steps of the described procedure are depicted in Figure 1.
Follow-Up
Baseline, intraprocedural, and follow-up data were collected and entered into a dedicated standardized database. Clinical endpoints were death and heart transplantation. Mean follow-up time was 547.6±473.1 days. Data are presented as absolute numbers and percentages for categorical variables and mean values and standard deviation for continuous variables, unless stated otherwise.
RESULTS
Baseline Demographics
Overall, five patients (80% male, 60.4±7.2 years) received concomitant EVPP during LVAD implantation for apical aneurysm and end-stage HF at our institution. Of those, three patients (60%) fulfilled clinical requirements for INTERMACS level 1 or 2, with one patient in need for preoperative temporary mechanical circulatory support (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy). Two patients presented with INTERMACS levels 3 and 4. In three patients, LVAD implantation strategy was bridge to transplantation, and in two patients destination therapy.
Detailed baseline patient demographics are shown in Table 1.
Patient Nº. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Σ | |
Age, years | 66 | 49 | 61 | 67 | 59 | 60.4±7.2 |
Gender, male/female | Female | Male | Male | Male | Male | 4/5 male |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 | 21.6 | 28.9 | 22.3 | 24.1 | 24.7±3.1 |
INTERMACS profile | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | / |
Strategy for LVAD implantation, ✓/✘ | / | |||||
BTT | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | / |
DT | ✓ | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ | / |
BTR | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | / |
Preoperative mechanical ventilation, ✓/✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | / |
Preoperative MCS (ECMO, IABP, Impella) | ✘ | ECMO | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | / |
Further diagnosis | s/p STEMI, s/p PCI, COPD, GOLD IV, s/p breast cancer | s/p STEMI, s/p PCI, s/p stroke, diabetes mellitus | s/p STEMI, s/p CABG, re-CABG, re-re-CABG, s/p PCI, s/p stroke | s/p STEMI, s/p PCI, s/p dilative tracheostomy, s/p alcohol abuse | s/p STEMI, s/p PCI | / |
BMI=body mass index; BTR=bridge to recovery; BTT=bridge to transplantation; CABG=coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DT=destination therapy; ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GOLD=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; IABP=intra-aortic balloon pump; INTERMACS=Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; LVAD=left ventricular assist device; MCS=mechanical circulatory support; PCI=percutaneous coronary intervention; s/p=status=post; STEMI=ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Preoperative Laboratory and Echocardiographic Findings
Preoperatively, patients presented with moderate signs of end-organ damage in advanced HF with a mean creatinine value of 1.3±0.6 mg/dl and a glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of 113.6±191.2 U/l.
Echocardiography revealed a preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction of 16.2±5.1% and no precursors of impaired right ventricular function with a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion of 17.0±4.5 mm, a right ventricular pressure of 45.2±6.4 mmHg, and a tricuspid insufficiency ≥ moderate in only one patient (1/5, 20%).
Apical aneurysms presented with a diameter between 75 and 98 mm, with left ventricular end-diastolic diameters between 44 and 70 mm. One patient with an apical aneurysm of 98 mm presented an extremely thin myocardial wall of the left ventricular apex in preoperative echocardiography, and LVAD implantation with concomitant EVPP was performed as an emergency procedure due to risk of rupture.
Representative preoperative echocardiographic images of apical aneurysms are shown in Figure 2.
Detailed preoperative laboratory and echocardiographic findings are summarized in Table 2.
Patient No. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Σ | |
Laboratory | ||||||
Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.3±0.6 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 9.2 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 13.9 | 10.6 | 10.7±1.9 |
GOT, U/l | 13 | 44 | 29 | 455 | 27 | 113.6±191.2 |
GPT, U/l | 20 | 34 | 47 | 80 | 63 | 48.8±23.6 |
Lactate, mmol/l | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.9±0.7 |
CRP, mg/l | 5 | 82 | 9 | 47 | 24 | 33.4±31.8 |
LDH, U/l | 165 | 235 | 226 | 123 | 319 | 213.6±74.7 |
Echocardiography | ||||||
LVEF, % | 15 | 12 | 25 | 14 | 15 | 16.2±5.1 |
LVEDD, mm | 66 | 70 | 64 | 68 | 44 | 62.4±10.5 |
Apical aneurysm diameter, mm | 87 | 98 | 77 | 75 | 98, impending rupture | 84.3±10.6 |
MI ≥ grade 2, ✓/✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | / |
TI ≥ grade 2, ✓/✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | / |
RVP, mmHg | 47 | 55 | 44 | 42 | 38 | 45.2±6.4 |
TAPSE, mm | 23 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 14 | 17.0±4.5 |
Procedure time, min | 305 | 335 | 380 | 260 | 435 | 343.0±67.5 |
CPB time, min | 180 | 195 | 302 | 139 | 224 | 208.0±60.8 |
Cross-clamp time, min | 0 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | / |
Need for temporary RVAD, ✓/✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | 0/5✓ |
CPB=cardiopulmonary bypass; CRP=C-reactive protein; GOT=glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT=glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; LDH=Lactic acid dehydrogenase; LVAD=left ventricular assist device; LVEDD=left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; MI=mitral insufficiency; RVAD=right ventricular assist device; RVP=right ventricular pressure; TAPSE=tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TI=tricuspid insufficiency
Periprocedural Data
Mean operation time was 343.0±67.5 min with use of CPB in all cases, with a mean time of 208.0±60.8 min. Cross-clamping of the ascending aorta was performed in one patient. In no case concomitant valve procedures were performed. Also, no planned or unplanned implantation of temporary RVAD was necessary. In all patients, intraoperative echocardiography presented midventricular and coaxial alignment of the LVAD inflow cannula at the end of the procedure.
Clinical Outcome Data
LVAD implantation success and 30-day survival were 100% (5/5) with no pump thrombosis or major bleedings (including rethoracotomies) in acute follow-up. In two patients, dilative tracheostomy was performed due to respiratory failure with ventilation times of 232 and 790 hours. Both patients were weaned successfully from mechanical ventilation. Chronic venovenous hemofiltration with a duration of 30 days was necessary in one patient with a preoperative creatinine of 2.0 mg/dl.
In long-term follow-up, one patient was lost on postoperative day 98 due to intentional disconnection of the driveline by the patient. One patient underwent orthotopic heart transplantation on postoperative day 630. Three patients are still on device, with gastrointestinal bleedings in two patients. Moreover, one acute kidney injury occurred during follow-up and one patient presented three consecutive pump thromboses, which were successfully managed by lysis therapy. Quarterly performed echocardiography presented stable, coaxial, and midventricular position of the inflow cannula in all patients. Also, flow and revolutions per minute measurements showed steady values.
Detailed outcome data are summarized in Table 3.
Patient No. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Σ | |
LVAD implantation success, ✓/✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5/5✓ |
30-day follow-up, LVAD, ✓/✘ | ||||||
Pump thrombosis | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | 0/5✓ |
Major bleeding | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | 0/5✓ |
Dilative tracheostomy | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✘ | 2/5✓ |
Ventilation time, hours | 9 | 18 | 232 | 790 | 2 | 210.2±338.2 |
CVVHD | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | 1/5✓ |
Duration of CVVHD, days | / | 30 | / | / | / | / |
30-day survival, ✓/✘ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5/5✓ |
Follow-up time, days | 540 | 630 | 1290 | 98 | 180 | 547.6±473.1 |
Outcome at follow-up | Alive, on LVAD | Alive, s/p HTx | Alive, on LVAD | Deceased | Alive, on LVAD | / |
Complications during follow-up | AKI, gastrointestinal bleeding | Epistaxis, VF, ICD implantation | Gastrointestinal bleeding, 3' pump thrombosis | Intentional disconnection of driveline | / | / |
DISCUSSION
The main findings of the herein conducted study are: (I) LVAD implantation with concomitant Dor procedure is feasible, safe, and occasionally performed in patients with ICMP, (II) no adverse events associated with additional EVPP during LVAD implantation were found in acute or long-term follow-up, (III) once midventricular and coaxial alignment of the inflow cannula is achieved by implantation of the LVAD into the neoapex, pump position is maintained as suggested by our quarterly performed echocardiography, and (IV) prolongation of procedure and CPB time is acceptable in our presented cases and these combined procedures can be performed without cross-clamping in most patients.
Major advantages of a concomitant EVPP during LVAD implantation were already described[12-14]. Despite different reported techniques, prevention of thromboembolism by removal of thrombotic material from the former apex and more stable placement of the pump with coaxial and midventricular positioning of the inflow cannula towards the mitral valve are considered to be facilitated by EVPP. The herein described experience confirms these assumptions. Especially in preposterous dilated aneurysms (like the herein described 98 mm aneurysm with impending rupture) of the left ventricular apex, placement of an LVAD pump is not feasible. With the described technique including excision of thin myocardial wall, identification of vital myocardium, and removal of thrombotic material, shaping of an adequate neoapex for stable pump placement was feasible in all patients. Durability of this solution is of special importance in this scenario and preserved cannula position was confirmed in all patients during echocardiographic follow-up examinations. However, larger patient cohorts are needed before general recommendations regarding EVPP techniques can be made. Also, removal of thrombotic material was effective in the herein described patient cohort. Despite omission of cross-clamping in 80% of the patients, no strokes or pump failure occurred during follow-up. One patient presented with recurrent episodes of pump thromboses, which were treated by lysis therapy and are most likely not connected to preexisting thrombotic material in the left ventricle, since the first pump thrombosis occurred on postoperative day 560. The patient is now event free for 370 days. In the herein reported follow-up, so far the longest for these combined procedures, no events were seen connected to EVPP, which is further corroborating the safety and feasibility of the LVAD and EVPP approach in the instance of left ventricular apical aneurysm. Documented events were mainly bleeding and renal and respiratory failures. These complications were described extensively for patients with end-stage HF undergoing LVAD implantation[15,16] and are not attributable to the performed Dor plasty.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, LVAD implantation with concomitant EVPP procedural is safe and feasible in patients with end-stage HF, ICMP, and apical aneurysms, facilitates pump placement by building a stable neoapex, and does not affect outcomes in terms of occurrence of acute and long-term events. These findings have to be confirmed in larger patient cohorts before general recommendations can be made.
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No conflict of interest.
Authors' roles & responsibilities
AS Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
YS Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
LC Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
BS Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
YA Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
MR Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
MJB Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
HG Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
HR Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
SAP Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
AMB Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
Article receive on Wednesday, September 11, 2019
Article accepted on Thursday, September 26, 2019