Igor ChernovI; Soslan EnginoevI; Dmitry Koz’minI; Gasan MagomedovI; Dmitry TarasovI; Michel Pompeu B. O. SáIII; Alexander WeymannIV; Konstantin ZhigalovIV
DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0430
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the in-hospital outcomes of a right-sided anterolateral minithoracotomy with those of median sternotomy in patients who received a mitral valve replacement (MVR) because of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis (RMS).AKI = Acute kidney insufficiency
CI = Confidence interval
CPB = Cardiopulmonary bypass
ICU = Intensive care unit
MT-MVR = Mitral valve replacement via minithoracotomy
MV = Mitral valve
MVR = Mitral valve replacement
NYHA = New York Heart Association
RMS = Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis
S-MVR = Mitral valve replacement via sternotomy
SD = Standard deviation
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, minimally invasive surgery has revolutionized many aspects of the surgical treatment of mitral valve (MV) disease. Minimally invasive surgery is aimed at improving the cosmetic effect, reducing trauma, and a shorter period of hospitalization, while maintaining the safety and effectiveness of this access. Minimally invasive MV surgery using the videothoracoscopic approach was first introduced in the mid-1990s[1,2]. Since then, several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of minithoracotomy for MV interventions for selected patients in specialized high-volume centers[3-6].
Rheumatic lesions of the MV remain the leading cause of mitral stenosis in endemic countries[7]. Only surgery (MV replacement or reconstruction) can be used to treat such patients. Nevertheless, the evidence for the use of mini access in such patients is insufficient.
In this article, we would like to share the experience of our clinic in the surgical treatment of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis (RMS). The aim of this study was to compare the immediate outcomes of a right-sided anterolateral minithoracotomy with those of sternotomy in RMS patients.
METHODS
Study Population
We present 128 patients with RMS who received mitral valve replacement (MVR) from 2011 to 2015 in our clinic. The median age of the patients was 53 years (45; 56). The studied population included 43 (34%) men; the preoperative mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 58.4±6.3%, with 95% confidence interval of 57-62%.
Study Design
This study is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Data were collected as part of the institutional Mitral Valve Surgery Database and included detailed information on the patients’ demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, and their laboratory, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic parameters, as well as intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.
Study Groups
All the subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1, 78 patients who underwent MVR via minithoracotomy (MT-MVR), and Group 2, 50 patients who underwent MVR via sternotomy (S-MVR). The choice of a surgical approach was based on the personal decision of a surgeon.
Outcome Measures
The endpoints were operation time, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, aortic cross-clamp time, mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, hospital stay, volume of drain blood loss, major complications (stroke, delirium, superficial wound infection, tamponade, pericardial effusion, pleural puncture, rupture of the left ventricular posterior wall, acute kidney insufficiency, implantation of pacemaker), and in-hospital mortality.
Surgical Technique
Preoperatively, all the patients underwent ultrasound duplex scanning of the femoral vessels and computed tomography of the aorta. Introductory anesthesia and maintenance of anesthesia did not differ from standard heart surgery procedures. All the patients also underwent intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography before the skin incision and at the end of the operation. All the procedures were performed using CPB with normothermic perfusion and Custodiol cardioplegia. The peripheral CPB cannulation of femoral vessels was performed in MT-MVR patients and the central cannulation in the S-MVR group.
In the MT-MVR group, access to the heart was carried out from the right anterolateral minithoracotomy in the 4th intercostal space (Figure 1). A video camera, an aortic clamp, and a hook for exposing the left atrium were inserted through separate punctures.
Statistical Analysis
The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25 (IBM Corp., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America). We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to prove the data for normal distribution. Quantitative data was expressed as the mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variables and as the median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical data was expressed as frequency and percentage. We used the Mann-Whitney U Test to compare the mean values and the Fisher’s exact test to examine the distribution of categorical variables between the groups. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Demographic and preoperative clinical characteristics did not differ in both groups (Table 1). In all cases, MVR was performed because of the impossibility of the reconstruction of RMS. In the MT-MVR group, a mechanical prosthesis was implanted in 72% of cases; in the S-MVR group, it was implanted in 90% of cases (P=0.01). The type of prosthesis was selected regarding the guidelines and the patients’ preferences, depending on the possibility of taking warfarin and monitoring International Normalized Ratio levels.
Variable | MT-MVR (Group 1, n=78) |
S-MVR (Group 2, n=50) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 51 (44;56) | 54 (50;56) | 0.09 |
Gender (female:male) | 50:28:00 | 35:15:00 | 0.56 |
Stroke, n (%) | 4 (5,1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
NYHA III-IV class, n (%) | 46 (59%) | 35 (70%) | 0.26 |
Pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg) | 44 (38;50) | 50 (37;60) | 0,06 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 59±5.3 (CI:58;60) | 58±7.5 (CI:56;60) | 0.5 |
Left atrial volume (ml), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 127 (96;162) | 135 (105;170) | 0,47 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 37 (47.4%) | 28 (56%) | 0,37 |
The total operation time and myocardial ischemia time did not differ in both study groups (P>0.05), while the CPB time was lower in the S-MVR group than in the MT-MVR group (P≤0.001). Intraoperative data is presented in Table 2. The duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and total hospital stay was similar in both groups. Postoperative blood loss was lower in the MT-MVR group than in the S-MVR group (P≤0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative complications (Table 3). We also did not observe any difference in mortality between the two study groups.
Variable | MT-MVR (Group 1, n=78) |
S-MVR (Group 2, n=50) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Mitral valve replacement, n (%) | 78 (100%) | 50 (100%) | - |
Mechanical prosthesis, n (%) | 56 (72%) | 45 (90%) | 0.01 |
Duration of the operation (min), mean±SD | 179±41 (CI:170;189) | 167±42 (CI:155;179) | 0.1 |
Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), mean±SD | 119±34 (112;126) | 99±24 (92;106) | ≤0.001 |
Aortic cross-clamp time (min), mean±SD | 77±24 (71;82) | 70±18 (65;75) | 0.09 |
Left atrium appendage closure, n (%) | 8 (10.3%) | 11 (22%) | 0.08 |
Variable | MT-MVR (Group 1, n=78) | S-MVR (Group 2, n=50) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.28 |
Stroke, n (%) | 1 (1.3%) | 3 (6%) | 0.3 |
Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6%) | 0.057 |
Mechanical ventilation time (hours), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 9 (7;12) | 9 (7;12) | 0.78 |
Volume of drain blood loss (ml), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 175 (125;231) | 275 (213;350) | ≤0.001 |
Tamponade, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
Delirium, n (%) | 3 (3.8%) | 2 (4%) | 0.65 |
Reoperation, n (%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.28 |
Pacemaker, n (%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.52 |
Superficial wound infection, n (%) | 1 (1.3%) | 3 (6%) | 0.3 |
AKI, n (%) | 4 (5.1%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0.16 |
Rupture of left ventricular posterior wall, n (%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 |
Pleural punction, n (%) | 9 (12%) | 4 (8 %) | 0.76 |
Intensive care unit stay (hours), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 20 (17;26) | 22 (18;36) | 0.38 |
Hospital stay (days), median (25 and 75 percentiles) | 12 (10;14) | 13 (11;15) | 0.2 |
Mortality, n (%) | 3 (3.8%) | 2 (4%) | 0.6 |
DISCUSSION
In the mid-1990s, to minimize incision and trauma, various minimally invasive approaches were developed in MV surgery, including right parasternal approaches[8] and superior and inferior hemisternotomy[9]. MT-MVR usually results in longer cross-clamp, CPB, and operative times. However, this fact does not affect the long-term survival and freedom of adverse events in MT-MVR compared with S-MVR[10]. Previous studies have reported the benefits of MT-MVR, including faster extubation; less postoperative pain, bleeding, and transfusion; better cosmetic results; and shorter duration of ICU and hospital stay (Figure 2) compared with S-MVR[11-15]. In contrast to these findings, we have not seen any difference regarding duration of ICU and inhospital stay.
There is still a lack of evidence regarding the use of the minimally invasive techniques for RMS. Chahal et al.[16] published one randomized case-control study comparing right-sided minithoracotomy with sternotomy in patients with rheumatic MV lesions, during which it was shown that the minithoracotomy group had shorter ventilation time, hospitalization, and time spent in the ICU. The minithoracotomy group also experienced less bleeding, pericardial effusion, postcardiotomy syndrome, and blood transfusions and required less blood substitutes than the sternotomy group. In our study, we included patients with isolated MV disease. Only valve replacement was performed. Valve repair is also possible in patients with RMS and shows acceptable midterm results[17]. However, it depends on the severity of MV calcification (Figure 3). The long-term durability of the valve repair for RMS has been discussed[7]. We demonstrated a non-inferiority of MT-MVR compared with S-MVR in middleaged patients with RMS regarding survival and postoperative complications.
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Authors' roles & responsibilities
IC Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
SE Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
DK Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
GM Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
DT Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
MPBOS Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
AW Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
KZ Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; final approval of the version to be published
Article receive on Sunday, November 17, 2019
Article accepted on Saturday, January 11, 2020